Environmental Scan Paper free essay sample

Associations utilize ecological outputs so they know about their environmental factors, inside and remotely, before getting into vital arranging. What natural checking is the â€Å"monitoring, assessment, and dispersal of information† (Wheelen Hunger, 2010) assembled from the earth inside, just as outside of the association. This data is passed to key individuals inside the association to utilize deliberately and to dodge undesirable amazements; it gives factors that have an impact on the heading and objectives of an association. An investigation of the inner condition of an association is never really recognize its qualities and shortcomings. It takes a gander at the hierarchical culture and structure, the associations between all degrees of workers, the tasks, assets, and numerous different elements (Environmental Scanning, 2013). This data can be assembled by perceptions, conversations, meetings, and overviews; this will give an assortment of sources to deciding the current abilities of the association. An investigation of the outer condition of an association is never really distinguish its chances and dangers. We will compose a custom paper test on Natural Scan Paper or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It takes a gander at characteristic, cultural, and task conditions so as to decide changing patterns and examples so as to gauge the future bearings and effects of these progressions on the association. In the first place, Walmart will be investigated utilizing a SWOT graph. Coming up next is a gander at a portion of its inward qualities and shortcomings, just as its outside circumstances and dangers (Walmart Canada, 2013): Strengths †¢Powerful and notable brand †¢Large extension, including universally †¢Strong client base †¢Convenience of wide product offering in one area at low costs †¢Unique corporate culture Shortcomings †¢Many low maintenance workers †¢Market share lower in nations outside the US †¢Questionable nature of items because of low costs †¢Broader center methods a more slender center Opportunities †¢Further development to more nations †¢Improve picture in neighborhood networks †¢Recessions drive clients to purchase lower cost items †¢Continue with green advancement †¢Continue with the super habitats Threats †¢Negative picture when it makes littler business bankrupt in nearby networks †¢Large rivalry since Walmart is a main rival †¢Economical condition of all nations it works in Unions attempting to break their way in Next is to take a gander at the upper hands of Walmart. The first and generally noticeable because of its notice of it is the items ease. Walmart has persistently advanced itself as a spot where you will set aside cash. Frequently, this is the consider that draws customers, as the costs are superior to th e contenders; it has a cost advantage. Another upper hand is its assortment; Walmart gives wide scopes of items, and has been making super focuses with the goal that customers have one-stop-shops to go to at low costs.

impresonment is more humane than capitol punishment :: essays research papers

Detainment is More Humane than Capital Punishment Murder, where to submit it. Canada versus U.S.A. In this article you will find out about Peter and Joe. Subside lives in Canada, he slaughtered five individuals and was condemned to the greatest sentence of a quarter century. Joe lives in the United States and furthermore murdered five individuals, he got a capital punishment. If it's not too much trouble recall in this paper Peter and Joe are not genuine individuals they are simply used to clarify this exposition. First we will find out about Peter’s sentence of a quarter century, at that point we will find out about Joe’s capital punishment. First lets talk about Peter. He has a lifelong incarceration, which in Canada is a quarter century. I accept this is certainly not an entire life, with all the benefits Peter can procure it’s simply like sitting at home, and not going to work. Following fifteen years Peter can apply for parole, he undoubtedly won’t make it consider he slaughtered five individuals. Dwindle has his own live with a can, even now he has no security. Gatekeepers are watching him all through the vast majority of the day. Subside has numerous benefits like TV, exercise center access, library get to, the phone and furthermore guests. Anyway these benefits are not â€Å"free† they are earned by being acceptable. The inquiry regarding going crazy well I truly don’t figure he could. On the off chance that he can lounge around, sit in front of the TV, read books, exercise, and well be lethargic, how might you go crazy like that?      Now, back to Joe, he lives in the United States. He was indicted for murdering five individuals likewise, he got a capital punishment. Joe is currently looking out for death row. His demise date is quite a while from now. Joe goes through around twenty-three hours every day in his room waiting for capital punishment, he gets around one hour to stroll around. Like Peter Joe doesn't have benefits like TV, exercise center access, and guests. He gets books and perhaps the phone at specific occasions. Presently around two months before Joe’s demise date he is informed that it has been changed to an additional a long time from now. This could occur up to multiple times before the real date of his passing. I imagine this could cause an individual to go crazy, sitting in a room practically throughout the day, knowing when your date to pass on is and afterward transforming it again and again.

English Narrative Essay Samples

English Narrative Essay SamplesIt is possible to get lots of narrative essay samples without spending a fortune on these samples. It is not always necessary that the literary club you belong to has these samples and, if it does, they are likely to be very expensive. But if you are not a member of any literary or creative club, there is no excuse for not looking for these kinds of essay samples for free online.English prose writing as a profession is a very competitive one. Writers need to use skill, energy and innovative thinking in order to compete with each other and win awards. A great writer will have the ability to attract attention and win awards. To do this, it is best to learn as much as you can about this kind of writing.Many educational institutions have taken the initiative of providing excellent opportunities for writers. For instance, some universities and colleges have excellent English literature programs that offer scholarships and assistantships to deserving students . These programs aim to help students who want to pursue careers in this field.There have been some interesting changes in the way the media and literature were perceived in some of today's history. It used to be that the media was mainly associated with women's issues and other feminist subjects.In recent times, the media has started to portray women as the heroes of their own stories and the media has done a lot to bring more light to the world. Thus, English narrative essay samples are no longer confined to female issues, but also include man's issues, too.It is highly recommended that you spend some time searching for various resources that can help you in the entire process of selecting a topic for your essay. Although there are so many academic resources available to writers, such as books and journals, there are many other kinds of resources that can also be used to produce great results. For instance, you can check out online forums where people share their experiences. If y ou find topics of interest and skill, you can even contribute a few lines about what you have found.Use common sense when searching for essay samples. You should not pick up just any sample of a book or paper. You must select papers that are written by authors that you will be able to understand.

How Education Has Changed The Reputation Of Character...

Over the years character education has become a practice of the past. It has been regarded as useless, offensive, and ineffective. Ms. Laurie Hoag has found a way to change the reputation of character education. She is an amazing teacher who through She took a social-emotional approach to the course. It seemed as though she wanted to help me develop my self awareness. She emphasized the importance of me learning to make better social decisions. She would run drills- as she called them- first presenting a peer-pressure-like scenario then educating me about the different ways I can say no to negative situations. She enstilled in me a desire to prevent these situations as a whole. One of the most surprising teaching tactics she used was emotional learning. She was the head of a small committee that volunteered at food shelters, she would take us along, and explain how important volunteerism is to society and self. I was so much more than bvious that the school I attended was not conside red a safe environment. Violence was like a [STRONG] stand of a virus spreading through the halls. One could say that our school s dangerous status was nothing more than a product of the environment that was boiling and erupting just outside our tiny institution. One of the most important subjects Ms. Hoag took it upon her self to teach us about violence education. She made it clear that our surroundings didn t need to dictate our outcomes. She went further than just explaining it sheShow MoreRelatedWhat Do the Representations of Cleopatra in Film and on Television (as Shown on the Dvd Video ‘Cleopatra’) Tell Us About How Her Reputation Changed over Time? Discuss with Reference to Two or Three Representations.1195 Words   |  5 Pagesdo the representations of Cleopatra in film and on television (as shown on the DVD video ‘Cleopatra’) tell us about how her reputation changed over time? Discuss with reference to two or three representations. The name Cleopatra invokes a striking image in your mind. The Egyptian queen who took on the might of Rome. The way we see Cleopatra’s character changes in the way she has been depicted in movies and television across the years. With each different portrayal she reflects contemporary issuesRead MorePride and Prejudice and Letters to Alice on First Reading Jane Austen.1574 Words   |  7 PagesFirst Reading Jane Austen.’ Compare how these texts explore relationships identity. Through the contextualisation of texts, connections can be made which reinforce or challenge responder’s perspectives on universal values. Universal truths carry meaning which are able to transcend changes in social, cultural and historical context in order to continue influencing responders of today. The importance of relationships within the lives of individuals within society has been both supported and challengedRead MoreCan Contract Theory Explain Social Preferences?1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important factors for alleviating distortionary effects of social preferences on economic activities. Author assumes that, social preferences are likely to change and his proposition is to improve fairness and trust in the society through education, which can likely result to more efficient business activities. Unlike the other researches, Macleod uses both descriptive and quantitative approach to explain his theories. On one hand, fairness plays a key role for reaching an agreement betweenRead MoreNursing Professional Identity Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesprotection of the public. Finally, this essay will discuss nursing education, the media, stereotype, and their impacts on nurses as well as demonstrate my understanding as a student nurse to challenge the professional identity of nurses. Professional identity is defined as a person’s professional self-concept based attributes, beliefs, values, motives and experiences that people used to define themselves in a particular skilled and education based profession (Smith and Slay, 2011). For example, my professionalRead MoreNursing Professional Identity Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on how historical developments of nursing impact on contemporary representations of the nursing profession. It will examine professional identity of the profession and further discusses the value of modern nursing, social, cultural and political factors that influence the professional identity of the nurse. I will also discuss the professional regulation and the role of the nurse’s midwifery Council (NMC) in the protection of the public. Finally, this essay will discuss nursing education, the mediaRead MoreThe Importance Of Education1067 Words   |  5 PagesEducation may be perceived as just knowledge in a classroom; how ever, it is a tool that saves society from ignorance. The nineteenth century was a time of industrial reform and educational reform; as agriculture was no longer the family’s primary focus, children were able to attend school to have a better opportunity at life. Mark Twain’s social commentary A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court utilizes the satire of King Arthur’s people and Hank Morgan’s ironic wisdom to demonstrate that educationRead MoreCultural Background : A Cultural Perspective As A Future Counselor808 Words   |  4 Pagesgenerations, and especially myself. After analyzing my three family generations, I was proud to learn how my cultural background has greatly contributed to my character. Within my cultural background are found German values, such as education, structure, punctuality and gender roles. This paper will introduce each value, how my family and myself identify with this value, its importance in the German culture, and h ow I have gained cultural perspective as a future counselor. Coming to America Accounting for 17%Read MoreLife Choices In Flowers For Algernon, By Ray Bradbury853 Words   |  4 PagesWho we do or do not become will determine in lifes previous events. In all the short stories, the author puts in how the character feels and what there like. In the short stories of â€Å"Charles,† by Shirley Jackson, â€Å"Flowers For Algernon,† by Daniel Keyes, and â€Å"The Drummer Boy Of Shiloh,† by Ray Bradbury. To begin with, in the short story of â€Å"Flowers For Algernon,† by Daniel Keyes, life choices, importance, and success from the pass will effect the present. The life choices in an individuals lifeRead MoreMistakes Were Made From But Not By Me )1634 Words   |  7 Pagesgo through. The book is mainly about Elliot Aronson’s and Carol Tavris’ opinion on how people behave and should behave when caught in tough situations. Instead of focusing on one main character in the book, each section of the book illustrates a different person s’ situation and that situation would correspond with a specific theme in the chapter. Throughout the book, Aronson and Tavris give us a broad idea of how some psychological thinking/processes comes into play, each psychological concept correspondsRead MoreHow the Korean War Impacted Americas Society805 Words   |  3 Pagesthe country of Korea, to this day, has failed to unify. Because the United States underestimated the war, most Americans barely acknowledged it. However, the Korean War changed the way Americans viewed life during the 1950s by opening doors to social advancement, impacting the economy, and preparing Americans for future conflicts. A major effect of the Korean War on Americans was that it led to more advancements socially. It was better to have an education than to not have one at all. The Asia

The Effects Of Gun Control On The Death Rate Of The United...

The first article is by Franklin E. Zimring as he addresses the necessity for gun control in the United States. It would seem that the use of handguns increases the death rate of violence by a 3:5 ratio. Controlling this death rate is a potentially lifesaving entity, however only if the use of guns in assaults can be lessened. One social impact that could lower the death rate is the prevention of assaults due to the fear of gun-owning victims who could retaliate against the assailant. The ability a weapon has to produce life threatening injury has a significant impact on the death rate as well. A weapon with a higher caliber such as .45 is more likely to kill then a weapon with a lower caliber such as .25, thus doubling the death rate from assailants who use higher caliber guns. The high death rate can also be linked back to the ready accessibility of guns and the willingness to use maximum force in conflict. The fact that the U.S is a highly violent environment makes the influence o f gun use to the death rate much greater. America has a problem with violence and a problem with guns and each one in turn makes the other more lethal. Common strategies of gun control are the attempt to restrict hazardous people from being able to attain and use guns and to outlaw the use of easily misused guns such as sawed off shot guns, automatic weapons, and grenades from the general public. Most gun control strategies do not make much impact on the use of guns. The second article is byShow MoreRelatedGun Ownership And Gun Related Homicides1386 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Several peer reviewed studies on the subject of gun ownership and gun related homicides were identified and reviewed. During the research phase it was noted that there are opponents and proponents of gun control that present logical sounding arguments, but there have been several research studies conducted that suggest that there is a positive correlational relationship between gun ownership and gun related deaths, particularly gun related homicides. This paper will review many studiesRead MoreGuns Are Necessary For Hunting, Protection, And Military Involvement Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesAnderson Composition English 101 12/5/16 Guns Are Needed in America The Constitution of the United States gives the reason why Americans can own guns; â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (Amendment II). The Second Amendment of the Constitution was ratified on December 15, 1791 because the Founding Fathers of the United States of America understood that guns were necessary for hunting, protectionRead MoreThe Solution For Gun Violence951 Words   |  4 PagesFareed Zakaria: The solution to gun violence is clear Guns in the hands of prospective victims of violence can deter criminal attempts or disrupt crimes once they are attempted, thereby exerting a violence-reducing effect. Oddly enough, guns in the hands of aggressors also have certain violence-reducing effects, along with the more obvious violence-increasing effects. The power which weaponry confers has conventionally been treated as exclusively violence-enhancing - it has commonly been assumedRead Moregun control research essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesstudied gun control. â€Å"Stricter state gun laws associated with fewer gun deaths, study finds.† The article discussed gun control laws in states with stricter laws tend to have lower rates of gun related homicides, and a suicide (ProCon para. 1) Gun control in the United States is becoming a wide spread issue and is becoming a problem everywhere. Although I am living in a city with uprising crime that has been skyrocketing over the years, I wasn’t aware of this being a n issue all over the United StatesRead MoreGuns Dont Kill People, Criminals Kill People Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pages In America, gun control has been a source of debate for decades. Recently, an increase in the frequency of mass shootings has caused the country to become extremely polarized in relation to the issue. America is often described as having a gun culture as a result of firearms being engrained in its history and perhaps, consequently, has among the highest rates of gun-related crime as well as gun ownership rates, among developed nations. There exists an abundance of scholarly work done in an effortRead MoreGun Control Laws Should Be Enacted1334 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control in America Gun Control in America has been argued back and forth for decades past. On one side it is strongly believed that the Second Amendment suggests that individual citizens have a constitutionally protected right to own a gun and protect themselves. These individuals believe that gun control laws do not in fact reduce gun violence. On the other side it is said if Gun Control laws are enacted there would be less gun and school violence. Also, it would be harder for criminals andRead MoreThe Rights Of Gun Control1679 Words   |  7 Pages In the United States the right to keep and bear arms is a right for Americans protected by the Second Amendment to the Constitution. This Amendment has accounted for many vigorous debates over the nature of its content. This has led for gun control to become an extremely controversial area of American politics. It is primarily defined by two different groups, those supporting gun control and those supporting gun rights. These groups often disagree on the interpretation of laws and court casesRead MoreA Brief Note On The Gun Control Act Of 1968964 Words   |  4 PagesIn A Gun Controlled Society According to the Second Amendment, citizens of the United States have the right to bear arms while protecting ourselves. Gun control is set into place to retain firearms from the hands of the ‘good guys’. In most cases, it is highly plausible for a bad guy to reach hands on a weapon, whether it be from black market, cross borders, or illegal street sales. These men won’t be stopped by just any gun laws. As the saying goes: where there’s a will, there’s a way. Gun controlRead MoreShould All Handguns Be Banned?748 Words   |  3 Pagesin the United States is legal, and it has been an issue on debate for many years with no success so far. It is very important to understand that if handguns dont get restricted or ban from our community, consequences will keep raising and death statistics will speak for themselves. Handguns in our community are directly affecting the future of our children, they are responsible for increasing the number of violent death rate in the United States, and it also keeps having a significant effect in ourRead MoreConcealed Handgun Laws On The United States1597 Words   |  7 Pagesexamines concealed handgun laws in the United States with the purpose of measuring the effects of the laws on crime rates. There is a lot of previously done research on the subject of concealed handgun laws with conflicting results and opinions. Many researchers are in agreement that more research on the subject needs to be done. In this study, states that have implemented the concealed handgun law are compared to crime rates before it was in effect as well as other states that have implemented the law.

Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation - 1059 Words

Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation The reformation was a religious and political movement that took place in the year 1517. This movement was spread by the Cristian humanist Martin Luther, when he posted his â€Å"Ninety Five Theses†. The reformation itself is one of those things everybody has heard about but no one quite understands, even nowadays, 500 years after this movement occurred. The main reason for this movement is unknown, however, some causes are being slowly known. First of all, as this movement occurred in the renaissance, humanism was on the air and all the humanist ideas were being spread, so people were thinking more rationally, thus questioning the church and its ways of working. Also, the printing press as†¦show more content†¦The lyrics of the chants were extracted from the bible only written in Latin by that time, and people learned the lyrics and the melody, even though a vast majority of population didn’t know Latin in general. Martin Luther took advantage of this fact, since he knew that music was a good way of spreading his ideas because he knew that people would learn them easily. He used the cantus firmus technique – which consists in borrowing someone else’s melody and place it on the tenor, replacing its lyrics – and replaced the lyrics to please his ideals. Since Luther knew that people already knew almost all the melodies, he took benefit of this fact by making people remember only the lyrics, so he made them easy to learn. This music also may involve parody to the original piece of music. He also translated a big amount of music into German so people could understand them. Thanks to this, songs way of also spreading news, because melodies were openly known. As it is obvious, the lyrics of the songs were often altered in order to please one side or the other, and thus those songs would have bias in one side or the other. Nevertheless, these songs were an important form of delivery of the current events. A few examples of cantus firmus melody â€Å"O du armer Judas with replacement on the lyrics are: O jr Munich von Pfaffen (1522), Ach du armer Murnar (c. 1523), and Ach du arger Heinze (1541)† .Show MoreRelatedThe Patterns Of World War II1214 Words   |  5 PagesThis is a persons music Who will not be a slave! When your heart beats resound There is a life that is about to begin When tomorrow comes! Soon France islamic revolution fire to burn all over Europe, and in the UK, occupied downing street, the prime minister for his opposition to the French revolution regime by crowds of angry people hang up the street, king see potential announced proselytize, pilgrimage to mecca, get the support from the origin, the UK was a top-down reformation, renamed the islamicRead MoreThe And Of The Light Brigade By Alfred Lord Tennyson2214 Words   |  9 Pagesto Septimus before the war when he was happy and interested in poetry-loving Shakespeare The character of Septimus was eager to prove himself a man through combat on the battlefield. The author reveals in the novel that the government would use propaganda pointed towards men s manliness to get people to recruit themselves for the war, but they were not ready for the aftermath. The trauma and mental struggle of this character show the unpreparedness of the government. (Woolf 1156) The pain and sufferingRead MoreIwc1 Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay10028 Words   |  41 Pagesattempting to draw conclusions. The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of human cultures. Humanism The creative and intellectual contributions of humankind. The Disciplines of the humanities include the formal arts (visual art, music, literature, theatre, cinema, dance, and architecture) and philosophy. Humanities Traditional stories of a people or culture that serve to explain some of the natural Phenomenon, the origin of humanity, or customs or religious rights. Myths theRead MoreThe Decline Of The Ottoman Empire5362 Words   |  22 Pagesbegan using oils on canvas instead of watercolors. Oil paints were common in Europe but not in the Ottoman Empire. Even the most religious places at the time, mosques, began to have modern architecture in them. One area that did not change much was music. Music did not change much because it was one unique aspect of the Ottoman culture and it heavily relied on religion. [10: Ibid, 61. ] An example of this modernization in government is that the bureaucrats are encouraged to wear more ?western? clothingRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 Pagesfirst constitutionally socialist state. Immediately afterwards, the new government under Lenin s leadership proceeded to implement socialist reforms, including the transfer of estates and crown lands to workers soviets. Faced with the threat of German invasion, he argued that Russia should immediately sign a peace treaty—which led to Russia s exit from the First World War. In 1921 Lenin proposed the New Economic Policy, a system of state capitalism that started the process of industrialisationRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagespoint, generate reasons for your own point, evaluate the reasons given by others, decide what or what not to do, decide what information to accept or reject, explain a complicated idea, apply conscious quality control as you think, and resist propaganda. Your most important critical thinking skill is your skill at making judgments─not snap judgments that occur in the blink of an eye, but those that require careful reasoning. You are not reasoning logically if, when you want a gorilla suit for

The Analysis of Attack on PEOPLESHARZ

Question: Describe about The Analysis of Attack on PEOPLESHARZ. Answer: Introduction: The study consists of the description of the cyber attack that occurred in the PEOPLESHARZ.COM. The cyber attack can be referred to the process of attacking an information technology by the hackers for gaining the sensitive information or damaging the system. The attack happened on 21 April 2016. Background and Problem Analysis: PeopleSharz was established by two University colleagues Mark Bukerzerg and Peter Tweet who are CEO and CTO of the organization respectively. The organization was established in the year 2012. The organization achieved 1.2 million of signed-up users in 2015. The organization established itself as an strong contender in the social media industry. The organization faced the information leakage issue due to the DDoS or distributed denial of service attack. The attackers attacked the server and got hand on the consumer information in an unauthorized way. The attackers not only did steal the information but also posted the information on Pastebin. The attackers carried out the attack in such possible way that they first recognized the vulnerability of the system and then propagated the malicious code. The attackers may have initiated the attack through the botnet attack (Alomari et al. 2014). In this context the possible botnet tools and their description has been provided in detail. Scanning: The attackers make use of different methodologies, scanning, for finding the vulnerable machines in the system. The scanning can be of different types such as following. Random scanning: The attacker at first infects a machine in the system with the use of malicious code then explores IP addresses in a random manner from the IP address space (Zargar, Joshi Tipper 2013). The attacker does this in order to check the vulnerability. Hit-listing scanning: This is one of the most conventional ways of carrying out the scanning process. The attacker makes list of potential vulnerable machines and carries out the search for the vulnerable machine until they find one. After recognizing the machine they put the malicious code in the machine (Alomari et al. 2014). Topological scanning: This attack implies the methodology of recognizing the fresh targets by using the information contained in the victim machine. In this method a pre-compromised host is used for finding the URLs within the disks of the machine. Propagating the Malicious Code: There are mainly three mechanisms that can be utilized for propagating the malicious code and constructing the attack network (Alomari et al. 2012). Central source propagation: After the attackers finds the vulnerability in the system, the attackers makes use of the potential victim machine as a zombie. They attacker provide the instruction of transferring a copy of the attack toolkit from the central position to the potential victim (Vania, Meniya Jethva 2013). Back chaining propagation: In the mechanism, the attack toolkit gets transferred from the attacker to the victim machine directly. In other words, the attack toolkit that is installed in the attackers machine establishes a secure connection with the vulnerable system. The attacker for sending the attack tool uses this secure connection (Alomari et al. 2012). Autonomous propagation: In this attacking technique the attacker transmits the attack tool kit to the fresh constructed system as soon as it enters into the system (Zargar, Joshi Tipper 2013). These are the three propagation technique that the cyber attacker may have used for hacking into the system of PEOPLESHARZs system. Botnet Tools: As per the description of the attack it can be suggested that the attacker used the attacker has used the Botnet. In the following section, the description of some botnet toos that have used by the attacker has been provided. Nitol: It is a evolving DDoS Botnet family. This tool uses TCP socket for transferring for transmitting information from the victims machine (Welzel, Rossow Bos 2014). MrBlack: It is also known as Trojan.Linux.Spike.A. This Botnet is largely used by attacker for targeting the Linux platforms. Threat Analysis: Wrong Security Practices: Injection flaws: Filtering the untrusted input can result into the failure of the web server. This situation occurs when an unfiltered data is passed to the SQL server, LDAP server and browser. This kind of mistake results into loss of sensitive information and benign hijacked as the attacker can command the entities (Umar et al. 2016). Sometimes the untrusted inputs are identical as the trusted ones and the system does not differentiate it from the trusted data. Broken authentication: This issue occurs as a collection of different problems. It is essential that all the issues generates from the same source. These are some of the reasons that can result into broken authentication. If the URL contains the season id then it can be leaked in the referrer header targeted for someone else (Nagpal Nagpal 2014). The developer does not imply the rule of encrypting the passwords within storage or transit. Obtaining the access to the server can be trivial if the session id is predictable (Wichers 2013). Sometimes the developer becomes unable to fix the session. Sometime the developer creates a web server in such a way that the session hijacking becomes easy. It happens because the developer does not implement timeouts in the right way or making use of HTTP (Nagpal Nagpal 2014). Cross-site scripting (XSS): This failure can be referred to as the failure of sanitization of the fairly widespread input. For initiating the attack, a hacker provides the JavaScript tags of the web application as an input. The users browser executes unsanitized output of the input given (Shar, Tan Briand 2013). The process as easy as generating a link and convincing a user to click on the link. However, the process is not always so simple to carry out. Object references in a direct manner: This practice is one of the most conventional one. One direct object reference refers to the expose of one internal object, database or file. The biggest issue that is associated with this attack is that the attacker can offer reference of this attack. In addition, if the enforcement of the authorization is not done then carry out activities that are completely unauthorized (Levin Hovav 2013). Taken as an example, the code consists of download.php module that lets a user to download file. It is done through the use of a CGI parameter for specifying the name of the file. The developer may be lack of concentration, forgets to put the authorization to the code. The attacker makes use of this advantage for downloading any system file. Cloud Vulnerabilities: Vulnerability can be referred to as the cloud vulnerability if it consists of the following factors. It is prevalent in or intrinsic to a core cloud computing technology. The root cause is associated with significant cloud features of one of NISTs. Difficult or even impossible to implement cloud security control (Dinh et al. 2013). Is widespread in developed state-of-the-art cloud contributions. Significant Cloud Characteristic Vulnerabilities: There are mainly five cloud characteristics such as measured service, resource pooling, on-demand self-service, rapid elasticity and ubiquitous network access (Hashizume et al. 2013). In the following the vulnerabilities has been presented that is caused from one or more of these characteristics. The unauthorized access to management interface is caused mainly because of on demand self-service. The on demand self-service requires a management interface that the cloud server users can access (Erl, Puttini Mahmood 2013). The attacker take advantage of this characteristics and exploit the system. In cloud computing, the users get access to the available services and information through a network that is protected by protocols. This protocols is somehow exploited by the attacker and the attacker remains in the middle of the connection between user and cloud application (Hashizume et al. 2013). There is a huge possibility that the user may recover data that is written by the previous user, in terms of storage and memory resources. The attacker often make use of metering data that is utilized for billing as well as service delivery (Rittinghouse Ransome 2016). This metering characteristic is one of the fundamental requirement of cloud computing. In addition, the operation is conducted by the cloud server in an abstraction level. Core technology: There are some core technology vulnerabilities that are linked with cloud computing. It can be easily assumed that the cloud computing which is a virtualized operated application allows the user to escape from the crime easily. Moreover, if the attacker is an experienced one then he or she can leave no trace of his or her existence (Botero, Szefer Lee 2013). Without any trace it gets very difficult to trace back to the actual attacker. Another vulnerability that starts from the concept of designing the web application is that considering the HTTP as a state less protocol (Modi et al. 2013). It is because the designer needs to provide the web application few notion of session state. Dependencies and Critical Success Factors to the Job: The reliance is on the different stakeholders of the organization, which principally incorporates customers of PeopleSharz and the host supplier. These individuals should be met so as to gather data about their inclusion in the security break. The different stakeholders of the organization are as following. Top managerial staff: The information rupture has influenced the governing body. They feel illsuited because of the compelling oversight for the information rupture that has happened in the organization . It is particularly critical for the directorate to comprehend the lawful scene of security rupture and for giving appropriate suggestion and it must go out on a limb identified with the matter (Lienert, Schnetzer Ingold 2013). It is particularly in charge of the individuals from the board that the organization has lost its information and paying little mind to the precautionary measure, an operational and in addition legitimate faultless security program me requirements for accomplishing the objective Worker: The representatives are additionally in charge of the information rupture. It is examined subsequent to finishing the procedure of meeting that the workers of PeopleSharz does not have satisfactory information or the organization has not gave appropriate preparing to its representatives so they can deal with the site legitimately (Lim et al. 2013). Each of the workers of the association is influenced by the information rupture and consequently it is critical that achieving program must be directed so as to lessen the odds of insider dangers (Elgin Weible 2013). It is concurred by half of the organizations that representative preparing will be useful in lessening the hazard that is connected with the security break and hacking. Customers: The customers are the ones who for the most part get influenced by the security break. The private and essential information of the customers are available the database of PeopleSharz and hacking of those information represent a test before the organization (Gilson et al. 2012). The programmers hacked the site as well as posted the private information of the customers and therefore, the private information of customers is spilled. The data and information that are hacked incorporates a portion of the money related information of the clients and thus, they confronted colossal difficulties. Host Provider: The host supplier can be in charge of the security rupture. On the off chance that an information break is done from their end then they are mindful. On the off chance that it is not their blame, they too need to endure alongside the organization (Ekval et al. 2013). This is on the grounds that if the matter of the organization reduces then the matter of the host supplier will likewise have negative impact. Recommendation for PEOPLESHARZ: The suggestion for enhancing the security practices of PeopleSharz incorporates: Represent existing Laws and Regulation: A sectoral approach has been taken by the national government for the assurance of individual data. It is particularly vital for PeopleSharz to know about the structure of laws and direction and must sees how it must be connected for the business motivations behind the association. Planning of New Federal and State laws and Regulation: As the readiness, the scene of the information security is evolving quickly, it is especially critical for the organizations to remain focused top for the proposed principles and directions that are useful for influencing the matter of the organization. Numerous new laws have tremendous effect and some require more propel planning so that the organization will follow them for making it more powerful. Observing PC framework so as to distinguish any shortcoming of Third gathering contractors: Intrusions that are brought about because of hacking and malware brings about unapproved access of data that is private. Firewalls and infection assurance programming are especially compelling for controlling or determining the issues that happened because of interruptions. As cybercriminal utilize new crooks for hacking the information and data of the organization, the organizations must remain watchful by checking the PC framework legitimately, by tending to the potential vulnerabilities adequately, by against spying programming and some more. Guaranteeing Data Security practices of outsider contractual workers: Many organizations imagine that if an outsider loses its information that has a place with the organization then there is no suggestion for PeopleSharz. Under the state break warning, an outsider contractual worker who keeps up the information if an organization must tell the organization and its individual is something happens with the information of the organization. Keeping in mind the end goal to bargain appropriately with the organization, they should guarantee the insurance of information. It is especially critical to have security reviews and also theoretical arrangements that are crucial for ensuring the information of PeopleSharz. Building up an episode reaction anticipate loss of individual data of the customers: Despite of the considerable number of safety measures the information of the organization can be lost. These conditions are particularly confounded, as they require much time for appropriate examination about the security break. The methodology needs getting to the hazard appropriately, figuring out what has been uncovered and in conclusion the warnings. An effectively thought out occurrence arrange helps in separating between the organizations for making convenient notices by legitimate examination and claims. Encryption of private data: It is guaranteed by the innovation of encryption that touchy and additionally secret data ought to be utilized appropriately. It is the most vital instrument that is utilized for versatile electronic gadgets and huge delicate information that must be exchanged electronically. The normal break that is evaluated is around a large number of dollars with a specific end goal to contribute the innovation of encryption, which is one of the best savvy measures. Surveying the significance of organization's information security for giving appropriate preparing to its workers of PeopleSharz The innovation is developing quickly and consequently it is particularly vital for the organizations to alter the principles and direction according to the need. The organizations must survey their sufficiency at whatever point a change is required in business rehearses for embroiling the security of individual data. PeopleSharz must lead viable representative tanning on the approaches of the organization. Restricting the measure of individual data gathered and building up appropriate component for arranging individual of the customers: Business should gather legitimate data, which is particularly important for the motivations behind the business so as to moderate different dangers and difficulties that are connected with the security break. Managing appropriately with the touchy data of the customers is a standout amongst the most critical errands of the organizations. One of the strategies must be trailed by the organization so that the private data of the customers can be spilled and the objective can be accomplished with the assistance of a framework that will be useful in deleting, changing and destroying different sorts of information. Considering different worldwide Laws and their effect on exchange of data: PeopleSharz must consider universal information insurance and different security laws. A developing organization like PeopleSharz must embrace substantive necessity of information rupture. The organizations that exchange information to various nations must comprehend the different developing principles and directions of information change. Conclusion: It can be presumed that the information and data of the organization is hacked by the programmer because of a portion of the security tested that the organization has disregarded before. The analysts have researched the risk, which can be a purpose behind the security break. The organization has sorted out a meeting session keeping in mind the end goal to see the effect of information rupture on different partners of the organization. The customers are influenced the most as their own and in addition private information is posted by the programmer. The private information additionally incorporates a portion of the money related data of the customers, whose spillage has put the customers in different difficulties. There are a few proposal that is given in the task that would be useful for PeopleSharz for moderating the dangers. References: Alomari, E., Manickam, S., Gupta, B.B., Singh, P. Anbar, M., 2014. Design, deployment and use of HTTP-based botnet (HBB) testbed. In16th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology(pp. 1265-1269). IEEE. Zargar, S.T., Joshi, J. Tipper, D., 2013. A survey of defense mechanisms against distributed denial of service (DDoS) flooding attacks.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,15(4), pp.2046-2069. Vania, J., Meniya, A. Jethva, H., 2013. Association Rule Based Data Mining Approach to HTTP Botnet Detection. Alomari, E., Manickam, S., Gupta, B.B., Karuppayah, S. Alfaris, R., 2012. Botnet-based distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on web servers: classification and art.arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.0403. Welzel, A., Rossow, C. Bos, H., 2014. On measuring the impact of ddos botnets. InProceedings of the Seventh European Workshop on System Security(p. 3). ACM. Umar, K., Sultan, A.B.M., Zulzalil, H., Admodisastro, N. Abdullah, M.T., 2016. Enhanced Pushdown Automaton based Static Analysis for Detection of SQL Injection Hotspots in Web Application.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,9(28). Nagpal, N.B. Nagpal, B., 2014. Preventive measures for securing web applications using broken authentication and session management attacks: A study. InInternational Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Applications (ICACEA)(Vol. 2014). Wichers, D., 2013. Owasp top-10 2013.OWASP Foundation, February. Shar, L.K., Tan, H.B.K. Briand, L.C., 2013. Mining SQL injection and cross site scripting vulnerabilities using hybrid program analysis. InProceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 642-651). IEEE Press. Levin, B. Hovav, M.R., 2013. Lexicalized meaning and manner/result complementarity. InStudies in the composition and decomposition of event predicates(pp. 49-70). Springer Netherlands. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Hashizume, K., Rosado, D.G., Fernandez-Medina, E. Fernandez, E.B., 2013. An analysis of security issues for cloud computing.Journal of Internet Services and Applications,4(1), p.1. Erl, T., Puttini, R. Mahmood, Z., 2013.Cloud computing: concepts, technology, architecture. Pearson Education. Rittinghouse, J.W. Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Perez-Botero, D., Szefer, J. Lee, R.B., 2013. Characterizing hypervisor vulnerabilities in cloud computing servers. InProceedings of the 2013 international workshop on Security in cloud computing(pp. 3-10). ACM. Modi, C., Patel, D., Borisaniya, B., Patel, A. Rajarajan, M., 2013. A survey on security issues and solutions at different layers of Cloud computing.The Journal of Supercomputing,63(2), pp.561-592. Lienert, J., Schnetzer, F. Ingold, K., 2013. Stakeholder analysis combined with social network analysis provides fine-grained insights into water infrastructure planning processes.Journal of environmental management,125, pp.134-148. Lim, S.L., Damian, D., Ishikawa, F. Finkelstein, A., 2013. Using Web 2.0 for stakeholder analysis: StakeSource and its application in ten industrial projects. InManaging requirements knowledge(pp. 221-242). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Elgin, D.J. Weible, C.M., 2013. A stakeholder analysis of Colorado climate and energy issues using policy analytical capacity and the advocacy coalition framework.Review of Policy Research,30(1), pp.114-133. Gilson, L., Erasmus, E., Borghi, J., Macha, J., Kamuzora, P. Mtei, G., 2012. Using stakeholder analysis to support moves towards universal coverage: lessons from the SHIELD project.Health policy and planning,27(suppl 1), pp.i64-i76. Ekvall, T., Sundqvist, J.O., Hemstrom, K. Jensen, C., 2014. Stakeholder analysis of incineration tax, raw material tax, and weight-based waste fee.

Savant Syndrome and Autistic Savant free essay sample

Should Rainman Stay? In the movie â€Å"Rainman† the main characters Rainman and Charlie Babbit, two brothers separated at childhood ages. In the movie there dad passes away and all the money goes to Rainman. Charlie finds out he has a brother and his brother is getting all the money. It just so happens Charlie’s business was in the hole eighty-thousand dollars. So Charlie drives to where brother is institutionalized to meet his brother. When there he takes Rainman thinking he can receive the money in having custody of Rainman. Also when there he finds out his brother is an autistic savant. The autistic savant is one of the most fascinating cognitive phenomena in psychology. Autistic savant refers to individuals with autism who have extraordinary skills not exhibited by most persons. Historically, individuals with these exceptional skills were called idiot savants, a French term meaning unlearned (idiot) skill (savant). In a 1978 article in Psychology Today, Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Savant Syndrome and Autistic Savant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bernard Rimland introduced a more appropriate term autistic savant, which is the current label. After that he decides to kidnap Rainman and take him with him to California to receive their dad’s money. Later on in the movie the Charlie grows a brotherly bond with Rainman. At the end Charlie and the institution argues who should have custody of Rainman. Who should Rainman go with? Charlie took Rainman from the institution thinking he could inherit his father’s fortune. Charlie had never taken care of an autistic savant; therefor he has no experience with taking care of him. On their journey together Charlie learns things about Rainman and autistic savant. And grows to learn and love him as a brother. For example when Charlie realizes Rainman has certain needs and has to do certain things at certain times. I remember in the movie Rainman had to have 12 cheese balls and nothing more or less. Or when he couldn’t stand being touch or cursed at. But later in the movie Charlie starts to adjust and really show affection towards Rainman, and really shows me that he might be cable of keeping Rainman with him. On the other hand the institution would be a good place for Rainman. You ask why? Most likely the people there are educated with knowing how to treat people with autistic needs. But on the other hand you can’t get attention and love like you would get from a family member. So I think Rainman should stay with his brother where he can get real loving care from his brother and grow a lifetime connection with a family member and have real support and help from the heart. Rain man would be good at the institution but better off with Charlie. The best place for Rainman to go is with Charlie. I think Charlie should get a chance to show he can really take care of Rainman and show responsibility. The institution would be good but Rainman would have more freedom and fun with Charlie. And who doesn’t like a brotherly bond? Work Cited Research: Autistic Savants: Autism Research Institute. Autism Is Treatable: Autism Research Institute. Web. 06 Dec. 2011. .

Marcus Garvey essays

Marcus Garvey essays Marcus Garvey, born in St. Ann, Jamaica in 1887, seemed to have been racially proud since birth. A descendant of the fiercely proud Maroons, Garvey displayed his pride and aided others in developing the same pride in fellow Africans, and also helping to awake Negros. His movements spread throughout the Caribbean and the United States, awakening many Africans to from the boundaries that had kept them under oppression for so long. While Garvey's name has now achieved legendary proportions, and his movement has had an ongoing international impact, Garvey was just another man who embodied the contradictions of his generation. He was seen by his colleagues in a variety of ways, both positive and negative. Despite any controversy, he has come to define both a social phenomenon, organized under the banner of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League (ACL), and an era of black renaissance, in which Garveyism and the concept of black racial pride became synonymous, (Holly, 132). Garveyism as an ideological movement began in black Harlem in the spring of 1918, and then flourished throughout the black world. Nearly a thousand UNIA divisions were formed, and tens of thousands of members enrolled within the brief period of seven years. The reign of the Garvey movement, as Reverend Adam Clayton Powell, Sr., wrote, "awakened a race consciousness that made Harlem felt around the wor ld," (Holly, 174). Of course, Garveyism is not the only reason that Marcus Garvey is so widely known today. Garveys prized work begins with founding a newspaper in Jamaica entitled The Negro World, following the slogan One God, One Aim, One Destiny. Around 1916, Garvey left his home of Jamaica to spread his ideas to the African Americans. Garvey's farewell address to Jamaicans included the words Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black king; he s ...

Hubbards Fruitful Breakfast Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hubbards Fruitful Breakfast - Assignment Example The subsequent sections will henceforth elaborate on the nutritional content and value of the breakfast cereal, its key ingredients, and functions. The final part will highlight the conclusion with brief information regarding the nutritional value of the ‘Hubbard’s Fruitful Breakfast Toasted Muesli.’ Hubbard’s Fruitful Breakfast Toasted Muesli is notably the pioneer muesli for the Hubbard brand of cereals. Evidently, the breakfast cereal is famous for its fruity taste and constituted about 25% of the cereal (Pinaturo, 2007). The fruitful breakfast toasted muesli is a pioneer brand in the New Zealand market that has unique chopped oats. Consequently, it is easier and lighter when consumed. In addition, the sweet fruity flavor is composed of larger chunks that make it not only tasty but enjoyable to kick start the day. The breakfast cereal equally contains a balanced range of nutritional supplements that qualifies it as a healthy breakfast cereal. The cereal is evidently rich in several nutrients that are vital for healthy body growth and development. In relation to the nutritional information provided the energy intake from the cereal it is indicated as 845Kj, 10%, 1690kJ in respective relation to the average quantity per serving, percentage daily intake per serving an average quantity per 100g (Pinaturo, 2007). In regards to the protein intake from the cereal it is indicated as 4.9g,10 %, 9.7g in respective relation to the average quantity per serving, percentage daily intake per serving an average quantity per 100g. On the other hand, in relation to the total fat intake, it is indicated as 6.0g, 9%, 11.9g in respective relation to the average quantity per serving, percentage daily intake per serving an average quantity per 100g (Pinaturo, 2007).

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Religion - Essay Example This comprehensive definition is very good because it covers the complex social dimension that this word implies. In the movie Grand Canyon, for example, certain characters appear who intervene to avert disaster. It is possible to see those characters as angels, using a Judaeo Christian religious paradigm, or as reincarnated ancestors using an animist paradigm, as elements of pure chance using an atheistic paradigm, or just as tools to move the plot along using a film studies paradigm. Each alternative reveals a different aspect of these characters. The concept of a paradigm shift refers to what happens when people switch from one paradigm to another. An example of a major paradigm shift in history is, for example, when sailors first sailed round the world and discovered that the earth is not flat, and that you do not fall off the edge if you sail too far in one direction. In this case new evidence was found that contradicted the old world view that people held. Sometimes, however, t he evidence is not very clear, or people are very attached to their old paradigms, and in these situations multiple paradigms can coexist all at the same time.

Life Course of a Mas Murderer Essay Example for Free

Life Course of a Mas Murderer Essay On April 16, 2007 one of the most devastating mass murders in U.S history occurred at a Virginia college. Seung-Hui Cho a 23 year old South Korean alone executed the killing of 33 people by securing colleges doors to prevent escape of any students. Events such as these are truly tragic and devastating to all involved. By gathering background information about Seung-Hui Cho, we can effectively examine social development theories as they relate to Cho and review my analysis that this particular occurrence was preventable. Born in South Korea, Seung-Hui Cho immigrated to America when he was 8 years old. Although Cho was a quiet well behave child he was awkwardly withdrawn and angry (cite book). Throughout school Cho was teased and bullied which could have been the cause of his average grades throughout school. Cho’s sister Sun-kyung was often in the school newspaper and was selected to attend the most elite Ivy League Universities (Schmalleger, 2009). Cho went on to attend Virginia tech where he was recognize once again for being extremely violent and was even removed from class. Cho was referred to multiple counselors and officials where he denied all thoughts of suicide and homicide. Although Cho denied these having these thoughts students that attend Virginia Tech could see the imminent risk rising with Cho. There are many social development theories that can be applied to Seung-Hui Cho but I feel that the Life Course Perspective accurately represents Cho most effectively. With the social development perspective, human development occurs on many levels simotaneously, including psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, social, and ecological (Schmalleger, 2009). Social development d\theories focus on delinquencies over an extended period of time as well as transitions people go through within their life span. As the Life course perspective suggests Cho exhibited showed a distinct pattern of anti-social behavior throughout his childhood and had never committed any crimes. Cho had a hard childhood and was in the shadows of his very successful sister. Even in college Cho had no friends and began to look up to other school shooters as martyrs. Although these individuals were not his friends at all in his situation they were the closest thing to having friends. In college Cho was accused of stalking women on two different occasions, was caught taking photos of the legs of female students in class and was separated out of classes. I believe that Cho’s antisocial lifestyle along with the transition any from home eventually lead him to commit the mass murder. Cho’s anti-social lifestyle seemed to escalate to criminal behaviors from the time he went off to college until the time of the Virginia Tech shooting. I believe that this tragedy could have been prevented if the proper preventative measures and treatment techniques were taken. As a boy Cho should have been taken in for a mental evaluation but I believe the integration of his family into the American society prevented that. In high school Cho being bullied and teased could have been put to a stop by teachers and surrounding students. Also when Cho started writing gruesome poems short stories and plays he should have been recommended to a counselor. Any counselor that Cho had encounters with could have been a lot more persistent in getting to the bottom of Cho’s situations. A teacher college teacher doesn’t just separate a student from her class. Finally the two females who Cho supposedly stalked could have reported Cho and pressed charges, preventing him from escalating in criminal nature. Seung-Hui Cho may have lived a particularly difficult life but with appropriate preventative and treatment measures the Virginia Tech shooting could have been prevented. One way this could have been prevented is with the support of his family. Cho’s family should have played a larger role in providing guidance and discipline and instilling sound values in Cho. Also social institutions failed him. He was bullied in teased in schools and church which could have been the reason for him being anti-social throughout his lifespan (Seung-Hui, 2013). Finally individuals in Cho’s life should have intervened immediately and constructively when delinquent behavior first occurred. After closely reviewing Cho’s background information and examining social development theories as they relate to Cho my analysis is that the Virginia Tech shooting was preventable. References Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminology today: An integrative introduction. (5th; ed., pp. 297-341). Columbus, OH: Pearson Prentice Hal. Retrieved from http://devry.vitalsource.com/ Seung-Hui Cho. (2013). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 06:22, Jul 28, 2013, from http://www.biography.com/people/seung-hui-cho-235991.

philosophy :: essays research papers

Chapter’s 3 & 4 Synopsis Chapters 3 & 4 Synopsis I believe the assumption of an external reality is the assumption that there is a real world that is external to our mind and senses, and that it exists whether or not we as observers exist, and whether or not we are observing it. This assumption cannot be proved because all of our perceptions, without exception, are mental images, and we have no means to go beyond our mental images. It is one we all commonly make without even thinking about it. In the military, we assume the office and the computer in it are there after we leave work at the end of the day and will be there when we arrive at work in the morning. When we head home at the end of the day, we assume that our house or apartment will be there when we arrive, and that it continued to be there in our absence after we left in the morning. We assume that our friends, relatives, and acquaintances are there whether we can see and talk to them or not, and whether or not we are thinking about them. We assume that our parents exist ed before we were born, and that many of the people we know will be alive after we die. So many of our everyday experiences repeatedly confirm this assumption that most of us hardly question it. It is an assumption that has enormous survival value: we know that a speeding car can kill us while we are crossing the street absorbed in our thoughts and unaware, that a stray bullet can instantly obliterate our consciousness without warning, or that we can die from an external agent such as a virus, a bacterium, or a poison. The assumption of external reality is necessary for science to function and to flourish. For the most part, science is the discovering and explaining of the external world. Without this assumption, there would be only the thoughts and images of our own mind (which would be the only existing mind) and there would be no need of science, or anything else. In addition to the assumption of an external reality, we also make the assumption that this reality is objective. Thi s is repeatedly confirmed by our daily experience as well as by scientific observations. I also learned that objectivity means that observations, experiments, or measurements by one person can be made by another person, who will obtain the same or similar results.

Paper on Cold-Rolling of Steels in Pil

[pic] INTRODUCTION ABOUT PENNAR INDUSTRIES LIMITED Pennar industries limited are a multi-product, multi-location enterprise. The company manufactures six different products. †¢ Cold rolled steel strips †¢ Cold rolled form sections †¢ Engineering components †¢ Road safety systems †¢ Precision tubes †¢ Fabrication Pennar industries has received the ISO 9001,2000 quality certification from RWTUV of Germany and committed to achieving excellence in the quality of product. The CRSS division, with its units at Patancheru, Isnapur and Chennai has combined annual cold rolling capacity of 1,20,000 Metric Tons. Pennar manufactures Steel Strips from 600mm to 750mm width and thickness range of 0. 25 to 5. 00mm both in coil and sheet form. Pennar caters to a wide range of customers from various sectors like: †¢ Automobiles †¢ Wide goods †¢ Domestic appliances †¢ Bearings †¢ General engineering industries FACILITIES: †¢ Quality control measures at every stage of the manyfacturing process, right from the selection of raw material to chemical analysis using spectrometer. †¢ Semi-continuous push-pell type pickling lines feed the rolling mill with scale free,iled and bright HR coils. †¢ PLC-Controlled MECON WEAN UNITED 4-HI Rolling Mill. Bell type annealing furnaces for heat treating of cold rolled steel strip †¢ Skin pass mills. CR Slitting lines and Cut to length lines. †¢ Every process is closely monitored and end products are subjected to a battery of tests to determine Hardness, Tensile strength, Yield strength,% of Elongation, cupping test and Bend test in order to meet stringent customer specification. †¢ Finished products are carefully packed, using polythene and gunny for coils and poly craft and wooden/steel pallets for sheets to provide total protection to the products during transit and handling. Pennar Industries group is well known for fulfilling their commitments. Many times they have been awarded and rewarded. [pic] PROCESS FLOW CHART (COLD ROLLED CLOSE ANNEALED STEEL STRIP) [pic][pic] RAW MATERIAL AND SOURCES The raw material for production of CRSS is ‘Hot Rolled Steel coils’ and these HR coils are produced by using â€Å"primary roughing mills† which is a 2-HI reversing mill with a 0. 6 to 1. 4 mm diameter rolls. The main purpose of the mill is to reduce casting ingots into blooms. The work piece has to be pass 10-20 times between the rolls, to have a desired width, the work piece is made to pass through â€Å"edge grooves†. HR colis are also produced in ‘Universal Mills’ without edge grooves. These coils are mainly low carbon steels which are either ‘Si’ or ‘Al’ killed. Specifications: Range 1. width 1350-1800 mm 2. Thickness 5-6 mm Ultimate Tensile strength 80 kg /mm2 Yield strength 40 kg/mm These Hot rolled coils are exported from many places like JINDAL STEEL WORKS (Karnataka), LLOYD STEELS LTD (Maharashtra), ESSAR STEELS LTD (Gujarat), ISPAT INDUSTRIES LTD (Maharashtra), SAIL etc.. There will be a sticker present on every HR coil and it will be as follows†¦ ISPAT INDUSTRIES LTD DIST-RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA Heat Number : 08201137 Coil Number : 0820113706/0 Grade/Specification : WG29AC Batch Number : 0001063785 Invoice Number : 2180040447 Invoice Date : 07. 05. 08 Net Weight : 23. 700MT / 52258. 501lbs Size : 1250. 00mm x 4. 00mm x mm Customer :Pennar Industries Limited Purchase Order No : 0021047514 A sample of these HR coils is taken and it is sent to spectroscopy lab for chemical analysis. SPECTROSCOPY Chemical analysis: Chemical composition of steels is checked by means of SPECTRO. Generally C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo, Ni, Al, Cu, Nb, Ti, V, Sn, B, and N are analyzed. Test procedure for spector is as below. Preparation of sample: ? The sample must be free from slag inclusions, rust, grease, oil, fracture, voids. ? The sample must be handy for polishing. ? The dimension of the sample must be fit on the spark stand. ? The sample must be flat (to get completely seated on the spark stand). The sample is prepared on the abrasive disc grinder by using suitable abrasives having 60 grade coarseness. Method of Testing: The spectro lab is switched on half-n-hour before sparking for warming up. The spark stand is flushed with grade-I argon for few seconds before sparking. Before sparking the unknown, the primary standard/internal standards are sparked and results are compared. If the resul ts found to be ok sparking of the unknown sample is carried out by keeping the prepared unknown samples on spark stand in inverted position and is clamped and sparking is carried out. If the results are found not ok, the spectro lab is standardized with setting up samples (RE12, RE13, RE14, 5 SUS 5) supplied along with spectro lab. |[pic] | Each sample is sparked for minimum 2 times and the average results are recorded and print is taken out and the composition is known. These HR coils are sent to HR slitters.. HR SLITTERS Hot rolled coils are slitted as desired to provide material for cold-rolling. For slitting of HRSI in 1350 mm whereas HRSII is 1800 mm. he different parameters the coils,two slitters HRSI and HRSII are in use. The maximum slitting width are: Coil parameter input coil output coil Coil I. D500mm (or) 880mm 500 mm Coil O. D 1800 mm 1370(max) Coil weight 30 Tons(max) 10 tons(max) Strip thickness 5 mm – 8 mm 5 mm – 8 mm Width 1500 mm(max) 1500 mm(max) Line speed:250m/min. | |HOT ROLLED SLITTER | |[pic] | | | PICKLING Immersion of a metal component in a solution which is preferentially remove oxides and mill scales, with little effect upon the underlying metal. Solutions are usually acids or alkalies, often with addition of an inhibitors to minimize attack on the underlying metal. Typical solutions for plain carbon steels are: 5% HCl + 0. 05% Galvene at 15-500 C PROCESS: The aim of pickling is to remove the oxidation scales & rust formed during hot rolling. Initially the HR slitted coil strip is passed through three tanks called the ACID TANKS or PROCESS TANKS (Tanks 1, 2 & 3) in which the commercial HCL (Hydro Chloric Acid) acid is present with maximum concentration of 20%. In this pickling all the rust and scales on the sheet are removed. Once the sheet is passed through acid tanks it is then passed through rinse water tanks 1, 2 and 3. This is done so because after the coil is passed through the acid tanks the acid will be present on the coil/sheet. When we clean with soft water then it becomes safe for the operator. Once the coil/sheet is rinsed there are chances of getting corroded again that are why water is drained away from the coil/sheet by hot air drier and finally applied emulsion (Castrol) oil on the coil to prevent corrosion. The specifications of acid tanks 1, 2 and 3 are listed below: Acid Tank -1 Acid concentration : 2-7% % Iron content : 22max Temperature : 55-70oC Acid Tank-2 Acid concentration : 6-12% % Iron content : 22max Temperature : 50-65oC Acid Tank-3 Acid concentration : 9-16% Iron content : 20max Temperature : 45-60oC Types of pickling equipment: †¢ Cage picklers †¢ Push pull picklers †¢ Semi-continuous pickle lines †¢ Shallow picklers †¢ Turbulent pickling †¢ Spiral pickling. In pennar industries, we use semi-continuous pickling . [pic] The main reactions which take place during pickling are: Fe0+2HCl ( FeCl2+H2O Fe+2HCl ( FeCl2+H2 Care should be taken during pickling to pre vent the pitting, small holes and formation of spots on the coil due to over pickling will reduce the thickness of the sheet. When the pickling process is going on, by titration process we have to check he percentage of acid and iron in the tanks. TITRATION PROCESS: Titration process is carried out to know the percentage of iron and acid content in the tanks. This is because if the iron content exceeds the permissible level(20% Fe Content) in acid tank, then acid is to be taken off and new acid is added in the tanks to carry out pickling. Take 20ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Add 0. 2ml of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to it. Then add few drops of acid indicator named Bromophenol blue AR with chemical formula C19H10O5SBr4 to obtain yellow coloured solution. Take Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in a burette and note down the initial reading. Start titrating with NaOH solution till brown coloured solution (i. e. end-point) is obtained. Note down the final reading. The difference of the final and the initial reading is determined. From the table, the corresponding percentage of acid is noted down. Then add few drops of Orthophosphoric acid to neutralize the solution. Add few drops of iron indicator named Barium Diphenylamine Sulphonate GR with chemical formula C24H20BaN2O6S2 to obtain yellow colured solution. Take Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in a burette and note the initial reading. Start titrating with K2Cr2O7 solution till brown coloured solution (i. . end-point) is reached. Note down the final reading. The difference of the final and the initial readings is determined. From the table, the corresponding percentage of iron is noted down. OBSERVATIONS: 1. Titration with NaOH: Initial Reading : 25. 2 Final Reading : 26. 9 Difference : 1. 7 From the table, 3. 06% of acid. 2. Titration with K2Cr2O7: Initial Reading : 22. 9 Final Reading : 29. 0 Difference : 6. 1 From the table, 17. 08% of iron content. NOTE: After pickling recoilng is carried out with tension and apply the emulsion oil to prevent corrosion. These pickled coils are processed to next stage i. e. , cold rolling. COLD ROLLING COLD ROLLING is the process where the material is deformed plastically by passing it between rolls below recrystallisation temperature. In pennar industries cold rolling is done by 4HI Reversible Cold Rolling Mill. The name itself indicates that it is a reversible mill i. e. the rollers can rotate in forward as well as in reverse directions. In 4 HI Rolling mill, there are four rollers, of which two are back-up rolls and another two are work rolls. The load is fed to the back-up rolls and the sheet is passed through the work rolls. The back-up rolls act as the driving rolls and the work rolls as driven rolls. The direction of driving and driven rolls is opposite to each other. [pic] 4 HI-COLD REVERSING MILL PROCESS: Pickled coils are reduced to final gauge at the 4HI mill by forward and reverse rolling with load applied on the work rolls through the SCREWDOWN MECHANISM. The coils are placed on the coil car by an EOT crane. The coil car is moved towards the mandrel to load it. After loading on the mandrel the coil is fed into the work roils through the pay off reel to the delivery tension mandrel (DTR). From DTR the coil is passed through rolls to Entry Tension Reel (ETR). The coil is reduced in each pass according to the required thickness. Most care is taken during rolling to maintain required tension and speed such that the possibilities of rolling defects are minimum. The pass from the pay-off to DTR is known as the first pass and for the second pass the coil is sent from DTR to ETR. The number of passes depends on gauge reduction / final requirement. The diameters of the back-up rolls are 610mm and the work rolls are of 225mm. The barrel lengths of the rolls are 700mm and 768mm. There is a gear box present for the screw down load. There are primary and secondary motors. The ratio of primary motor is of 1:16 and that of secondary motor is 1:32. The pitch of the screw down screw is 8mm and diameter is 180mm. At the weld portion the mill is slow down and the number wraps at which weld passed the roll bite is noted down the direction of rolling reversed. The tail end is clamped to the entry tension reel . tension and load are applied and level is checked. Guage is checked by the help of non contact guage and the mill is operated at higher speeds. The operation is repeated till the doil is finished to the final guage. Final pass reduction is maintained low i. e. , 8%-16%. To maintain shape coil is wounded on low tension. Final pass thickness is checked at operating and drive sides and it is maintained throughout the strip by adjusting load and tension after the rolling operation is over the coil end lap is wound,and bonded and transferred to the skid. TECHNICAL DATA ON ROLLING: MILL MANUFACTURES: Latest computer controlled MECON WEAN UNITED 4 HI cold reversing Mill GRADES : Mild steel[DDDEDDEDDSMEDIUM] SPECIFICATIONS : IS 513, IS 4397,IS 4030 STRIPSHEET WIDTH : 25 mm to 630 mm THICKNESS : 0. 25 mm to 6. 00 mm SURFACE FINSH : Bright, Fine Matt, Matt, Rough. BACK UP ROLL DIA : 610 mm to 567 mm WORK ROLLS DIA : 225 mm WORK ROLL LENGTH : 700 mm After cold rolling process, the grains are enlarged the coil becomes very hard due to work hardening and internal stresses that are developed in the material. In order to restore ductility and relieve internal stresses of the material ANNEALING has to be done. ANNEALING Annealing is the process of heat treatment by which the metal very ductile. It is also used to homogenize the material, composition by diffusion and it relieves the residual stresses which are arising from cold working. It also results in grain refinement by recrystallisation process. The temperature to which the metal is subjected and the time for which the temperature is maintained depends upon the parent metal and the particular properties that are desired on the final stage. In pennar industries annealing is generally carried out for following reasons:- ? To obtain softness. ? To increase or restore ductility. ? To relieve internal stresses. ? To refine grain structure. To homogenize the mechanical properties. In Pennar Industries SUB CRITICAL ANNEALING is carried out (below recrystallisation temperature). SUB CRITICAL ANNEALING Is a method of annealing while include heating of metal to the metal below the lower critical temperature. I. e. below 737C. Soaking for some time and cooling at a very slow rate in the furnace it self. ANNEALING PROCEDURE: Gener ally, Annealing is carried out in bell type furnaces or Electric arc furnaces which uses diesel and LPG as a fuel and temperature will be regulated by the fuel supply to undergo annealing process. BELL TYPE FURNACE [pic] TECHNICAL DATA: FURNACE : Apex and allied COIL DETAILS : OD 1200 -1700 ID 400 OR 500 CHARGE WEIGHTS : 30000 TO 40000 CHARGE HEIGHT : 2650 MM (MAX) FURNACE TEMP : 960 (MAX) FLOW METER FOR NITROGEN GAS: TEMPERATURE :86 0 C(MAX) PRESSURE : 1 PSI (MAX) The different stages in annealing process are as follows: Charging: The coils are stacked on the base in such a way that coils with decreasing diameter will be arranged from bottom to top. The coil should be stacked with centers of the coils and axis. If furnace stacking should be absolutely concentric so that uniform gap is obtained between the coils and inner cover. The intermediate concentricity should be provided between all the coils to ensure good circulation. Purging: The inner hood shall be brought on to the charge and fixed to the base. The protective gas flow starts at a rate of 15 Nm3/ hour and maintained for about 45 min, so that the initial air in the hood is fully replaced by the protective gas. This process is called as purging process. Heating: After the charging space has been filled with HYDROGEN and NITROGEN and flow rate of around 15m/hr, the heating can be commenced. All the settings and attachments needed to start the furnace are finished. The rate of heating depends upon the charge weight, % of reduction and carbon equalent. Generally heating rate is 40c/hour upto 520c and 30c/hour from above 520c. In PENNAR INDUSTRIES fired furnaces are used for heating. When the temperature at the thermocouple reaches the set point the fuel supply will be regulated periodically. Soaking: Maintaining the specific temperature of charge for required hours , is known as soaking. In the process the charge coil are soaked for some hours depending upon the different qualities of coils, under the required temperature. When the soaking is over, an audio alarm is given and the furnace is automatically disconnected by the central controls. The annealing cycle comes on end. Cooling: The furnace is removed from the base and cooling hood is brought on the base to expand the cooling process. The cooling hood is removed when the charge temperature reaches about 90c. At 90c the charge is ready for loading. After cooling, the coils are discharged from the base and are placed for air cooling. The coils are cooled completely for room temperature in 2 to 3 hrs, after which they are processed further. PSL consists of 33 bases, 14 furnaces and 16 cooling hoods in annealing yard. The loading capabilities of different bases are given. Bases capacity(tons) 22. 15-20 33. 25-30 Technical characteristics: Charge materials : MS,D,DD,EDD Stack height :2650 mm(max) Estimated coil dia : 1600(max) Charge temperature :300 C Annealing temp : 7300 C Bell furnace temp : 9000 C Flow of protective gases: During purging ;14 Nm3/hr During heating :8-10 Nm3/hr During cooling :2 Nm3/hr PROTECTIVE GAS PLANT Protective Gas plant is operated for producing Nitrogen in pennar steels ltd. Equipment:- In Pennar steels the Nitrogen gas produces from air by absorption with pure drier and ammonia cracker unit. PLANT CAPACITY :60 N. M3 HR TYPE :PSA 60. 7. 10 + DEOXO/NLPD 60. 7+CU 60. 7+NH3 -10E ANALYSIS :HYDROGEN APPROX 4% BY VOLUME OXYGEN MAX 10 PPM AMMONIA MAX 10-20PPM NITROGEN+RARE GASSES-BALANCE DEW POINT :APPROX 40 C WITH DELIVERY PRESSURE CONSUMPTION : GAS AMMONIA APPROX 1. 8 KG/HR AT MAX VALUES PRESSSURE OF 18 KG/CM2 POWER APPROX :49. 87 KWH/HR COOLING WATER :12. 5 M3/HR TEMP INLET : 300C TEMP OUTLET :400C PRESSURE :2-3 KG/CM2 SKIN PASS The annealed cold rolled strip is very limited in its usage because of the yield point phenomenon. When annealed strip is processed in the dead soft condition, it tends to yield unequally manifesting luder lines or stretcher strains. This is the process manifestation of the break in the stress strain curves. If luder lines are to be avoided, this thing has to be smoothened as shown in the adjacent curve. This is achieved by the process of skin pass where the strip is given a very minor reduction of the order of 1. % max elongation. This makes the strip surface tough but the interior of the strip retains the softness so that when further drawing operations are carried out, the strip forms smoothly without any evidence of luder lines. The other advantages of temper rolling are as follows: ? Providing desired finishes such as matt or bright on the strip surface ? Imparting flatness to the strip ? Breaking up spangles from galvanized strip Skin pass process:- |[pic] | Skin pass is a process of applying a regulated and very low load on the material in the mill it self. The reduction of thickness in skin pass is just below 5% reduction. The skin pass operation is a single pass operation unlike reduction in the rolling mill. The operation is similar to rolling but only one pass from pay off reel to delivery reel is giving with minimum load and with required surface finish work rolls and with proper tension. Anticrimping rolls are used in the skin pass for good shape control and to go flat surface. Surface roughness of the material is measured with the help of surface roughness checking unit i. . ,SURTRONIC-10. After the skin pass a sample is taken from the strip and it is sent to quality assurance department to find out the different properties like UTS,YS,elongation,hardness,drawability and bending. QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT Various mechanical test has to be done on the sample taken from the product(coil) to prove its quality. The various machine ry in use,in QAD are †¢ Vacuum spectroscopy †¢ Rockwell Hardness Machine †¢ Vickers hardness machine †¢ Universal testing machine †¢ Ericsson testing machine †¢ Optical microscope. HARDNESS TEST: Hardness is defines as â€Å"Resistance of metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. However, the term may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting. It is the property of a metal, which gives it the ability to resist being permanently, deformed (bent, broken, or have its shape changed), when a load is applied. The greater the hardness of the metal, the greater resistance it has to deformation. There are three types of tests used with accuracy by the metals industry; they are the Brinell hardness test, the Rockwell hardness test, and the Vickers hardness test. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST: The Rockwell Hardness test is a hardness measurement based on the net increase in depth of impression as a load is applied In the Rockwell method of hardness testing, The indenter may either be a steel ball of some specified diameter or a spherical diamond-tipped cone of 120? angle and 0. 2 mm tip radius, called Brale. The type of indenter and the test load determine the hardness scale(A, B, C, etc) A minor load of 10 kg is first applied, which causes an initial penetration and holds the indenter in place. Then, the dial is set to zero and the major load is applied. Upon removal of the major load, the depth reading is taken while the minor load is still on. The hardness number may then be read directly from the scale. SCALES AND VALUES: The different scale used for different materials are tabulated as follows: |Various Rockwell scales[7] | |Scale | VICKERS HARDNESS TEST: Vickers hardness is a measure of the hardness of a material, calculated from the size of an impression produced under load by a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter. Devised in the 1920s by engineers at Vickers, Ltd. , in the United Kingdom, the diamond pyramid hardness test, as it also became known, permitted the establishment of a continuous scale of comparable numbers that accurately reflected the wide range of hardnesses found in steels. The indenter employed in the Vickers test is a square-based pyramid whose opposite sides meet at the apex at an angle of 136?. The diamond is pressed into the surface of the material at loads ranging up to approximately 120 kilograms-force, and the size of the impression (usually no more than 0. 5 mm) is measured with the aid of a calibrated microscope. The Vickers number (HV) is calculated using the following formula: HV = 1. 854(LD2) [pic] with L being the applied load (measured in kilograms-force) and D2 the area of the indentation (measured in square millimetres). The applied load is usually specified when HV is cited. As a result of the latitude in applied loads, Vickers testers is applicable to measuring the hardness of very thin sheets as well as heavy sections. The specimen is taken from the strip and indentation is done by using both vicker and Rockwell and then the values of Vickers and Rockwell is tabulated . TENSILE TEST:- Tensile test is done to know the tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation of the material whether they are in specified limits of the customer tolerances are not. Tensile test values apply to transverse specimen in case of sheets/strips. Strips having a width of 250mm and below shall be tested longitudinally. UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE [pic] PROCEDURE:- Tensile test is widely used to determine strength, ductility, toughness, resilience and several other material properties. A test specimen of rectangular crossection of 20mm width of suitable length is prepared from the material to be tested. During the preparation of the sample to avoid sharp sides by deburring the sample with the help of file, this reduces the chances of failures of specimen at low stress values. After this the specimen is held by suitable means between the two heads of a testing machine and subjected to a progressively increasing tensile load till the specimen fractures. A record of the load acting on the specimen with progressive extension of the specimen is obtained. YIELD STRENGTH:- Most non ferrous materials and high strength steels do not possess a well defined yield point. For these materials the maximum useful strength is the yield strength. The yield strength is the stress at which the material exhibits a specifies limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. This value is usually determined by the â€Å"off-set method†. The value of off-set method is generally between 0. 1 and 0. 2 % of the gauge length. The value of yield strength can be calculate by YS = ((DIVISIONS * LOAD) / (WIDTH * GAUGE)) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. N/sq. mm Here, the divisions are obtained from the graph between stress and strain given by the UTS machine. The experimental values are tabulated. DUCTILITY: The ductility of material is indicated by the amount of deformation i. e. , possible until fracture. This is determined in tension test by two measurements ELONGATION: This is determined by fitting together, after fracture, the parts of the specimen and measuring the distance between the original gauge marks Elongation=(Lf-Lo)/ LoX100 Where Lf-Final gauge length Lo- Original gauge length In reporting percentage elongation, the Original gauge length must be specified since the percentage elongation will vary with gauge length Elongation is carried out in UTS machine and the values are obtaines in either 50 GL 80 GL. The experimental values are tabulated: ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH: The value of ultimate tensile strength gives the maximum stress that the strip can with stand before fracture and this value can be calculated by the graph obtained from the universal testing machine. The graph plotted in between the load applies and strain. UTS = (LOAD/(WIDTH * GAUGE)) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. N/sq. mm EXPERIMENTAL DATA Mechanical Properties: | |S/P ID |MIDDLE |S/P OD | |COIL NO |83215-A |83215-A |83215-A | |SIZE |492 X 1. 8 |492 X 1. |492 X 1. 8 | |QUALITY |D |D |D | |SPECIFICATION |S/P (ID) |CTL (M) |S/P (OD) | |GAUGE |2. 0 |1. 8 |1. 78 | |WIDTH |20. |20. 2 |20. 3 | |LOAD |14000N |10206N |12370N | |UTS |348. 25N/sq. mm |320. 72N/sq. mm |342. 37N/sq. mm | |HRB |59 |57 |57 | |YS |250. 7N/sq. mm | |271. 25N/sq. mm | |ELONGATION | | | | |80GL |41 |40 |38 | |50GL |47 |46 |44 | |S/P ID |MIDDLE |S/P OD | |COIL NO |83312-A |83312-A |83312-A | |SIZE |408 X 1. 2 |408 X 1. 2 |408 X 1. | |QUALITY |EDD |EDD |EDD | |SPECIFICATION |S/P (ID) |CTL (M) |S/P (OD) | |GAUGE |2. 4 |1. 22 |1. 29 | |WIDTH |20. 2 |20. 3 |20. | |LOAD |14000N |6870N |7470N | |UTS |288. 77N/sq. mm |277. 39N/sq. mm |285. 25N/sq. mm | |VPN/RHN |75 |42/43 |44/45 | |YS |235. 14N/sq. mm |214. 81N/sq. mm |265. 14N/sq. m | |ELONGATION | | | | |80GL |40 |41 |41 | |50GL |46 |47 |47 | COLD ROLLED SLITTING The width of the coil at the time of HR Slitting is planned such that the width at which the material is rolled will be generally in multiples of the requirements. Also at the time of rolling the edges of the sheet will be damaged. So in order to remove the spoiled edges the cold roll slitting is done. The slitting of the coil is done according to work order. The main purpose of slitting is to ensure that:- 1. width is always as per the W. O requirements and the properties are also ensured 2. sufrace of the strips on both sides is to be ensured as free from defects such as rust, pits, holes,scales,dents,unslit edges, laminations,patches,scratches,scoring and other defects which disturbs the end products 3. hape,cambers and other requirements has given in the W. O are totally ensured. 4. Rust preventive oil is applied uniformly on all sheets or wraps. PROCESS: The coils are placed on the coil car by EOT cranes. The coil mandrel is expanded to grip the coil and binding strap is cut. The uncoiler is inched by the inched drive and the load end is separated from the coil. The load end is taken to the entry pinch roll, hold down roll is lifted and fu rther threading is done by jogging pinch roll drive. [pic] | Side guide is adjusted to the correct width. The slitter drive is jogged and load end is passed ahead of the slitter. The loop pit table is transverse over the pit by jogging slitter. The slit stands are taken to drag wise over the loop pit table which is separated and threaded to recoiler. The slit stands are passed properly in the rewind mandrel. The drag vice is closed and few wraps are taken by jogging and the recoiled is under low tension. The scrap is threaded to scrap winder and initially winding is done by jogging the drive. The machine can be run at a required speed The CRS machine is chosen as per the specifications of the machine for which the gauge of the sheet forms the important criteria. The specifications of different CRS machines are as follows: CRS I: MAKE : M/S DAS NAGAR, KOLKATTA SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 0. 25 to 6mm max ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm MAX COIL WT : 10MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 20mm to 710mm NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : +/- 0. 15 ID : 400/500mm OD : 1800mm CRS II: MAKE : M/S BOMBAY CRANES PVT. LTD, MUMBAI SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 100mm to 7. 2mm max ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm MAX COIL WT : 10MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 20mm to 710mm max NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : +/- 0. 15 ID : 500mm OD : 1800mm CRS III: MAKE : LYKA INDUSTRIES, KOLKATTA SPECIFICATIONS : I/P COIL THICKNESS : 0. 3 to 1. 2mm ID : 400(500mm) OD : 1600mm MAX COIL WT : 2MT O/P COIL WIDTH : 6mm to 250mm ID : 400(500mm) OD : 1500mm NO OF SLITS : 7 max TOL : + / – 0. 15 CUT TO LENGTH After slitting of CR coils in slitters into required sheet form, it will taken into the C. T. L Units. The coil is fed through leveler and copped to the length required by the customer. The length, width, thickness, quality and the visible defects are checked by the quality department persons. The finished sheets and strips shall be free from harmful defects, such as scale, rust, blisters, laminations, pitting, porosity, cracks or torn edges or any other defects which are harmful to the intended use. The degree or amount of surfaces defects in a coil may be expected to be more than in cut length because of the impossibility of rejecting portions of the coil. This shall be taken into account by the purchaser in his assessment of the material. An excessive amount of defects may lead to the rejection of lot. The sheets shall be reasonably flat and edges cleanly sheared and squared to the specified dimensions. The CTL machine is selected according to the work order i. e. the gauge and size required. The specifications of the machines are: CTL I: MAKE : TATA DAVY LTD. , KOLKATTA MIN WIDTH : 30mm THICKNESS : 0. 4mm LENGTH : 340mm I/P COIL ID : 400/500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 685mm THICKNESS : 3. 1mm LENGTH : 3000mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm CTL II: MIN WIDTH : 30mm THICKNESS : 2. 0mm LENGTH : 400mm I/P COIL ID : 400/500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 720mm THICKNESS : 6. 5mm LENGTH : 3500mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm CTL III: MAKE : M/S GODREJ, MUMBAI MIN WIDTH : 70mm THICKNESS : 0. 2mm LENGTH : 450mm I/P COIL ID : 500mm COIL WEIGHT : 7. 5MT max MAX WIDTH : 720mm THICKNESS : 1. 6mm LENGTH : 4500mm I/L COIL OD : 1800mm DESPATCH Sheets and strips shall be supplied in coils or bundles of cut length or in packages each weighing not more than three tones as may be agreed the purchaser and the supplier. Sheets and strips shall be packed in water proof paper or polythene lined Hessian and securely tied around with hoop iron. A number of coils may be bundled with wooden patterns in between or may be packed in wooden boxes. Strips may also be packed with separate thin metallic sheets wrapped around and with bands of hoop iron. ———————– PICKLING HR SLITTING INSPECTION RAW MATERIAL ROLLING ANNEALING SKIN PASS MATERIAL TESTING CR SLITTING CUT TO LENGTH PACKING & DESPATCH

Equality Act 2010 And Data Protection Act 1998 - 1700 Words

My chosen pieces of legislation: Equality act 2010 and Data Protection Act 1998 Legislation is put in place to ensure the convention happens. Legislation is a set of laws passed by parliament. If these laws are broken, the individual that has done so may be charged with the crime. The Equality act 2010 was put into place to prevent discrimination taking place towards employees because of any factors that may be present such as their race, gender, sexuality, disability or any other factors. This could be in employment and access to services within the hospital. This law applies to any public service Treating people equally means treating every individual no lower or higher than another individual. The equality act is there to support all individuals, but many may not be aware that this piece of legislation has played an active role in their everyday lives. It requires equal treatment in access to jobs ensuring equality amongst all regardless of any factors that may be present such as skin colour, allowing a multicultural place of work, helping to provide service users with a well-rounded team who can educate one another on different cultures through personal experiences and contribute advice on the preferences of service users. This Act protects all of the following characteristics; this law protect, gender reassignment, age, disability, marriage/civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation. October 2010 Equality ActShow MoreRelated1.1 Summarise Key Aspects of Legislation, Regulatory Requirements and Codes of Practice Relating to Own Role and Responsibilities792 Words   |  4 Pageslearning, seeking to expand my skills and to deepen my knowledge as a teacher. Now I’m going to say a few words about some of the most important legislations that comply with in order to become a good teacher. 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