Marine Corps: Re-socialization of Young Men into a Warrior Society Essa

In a film we saw recently, single of the speakers, Dr. basin Houghton was speaking on socialization. One remark he made, to the effect that what we, as individuals, become is based on what chances we are given and what we learn (Research Methods, 1996), was considered so great that it was repeated again at the end of the film. His statement fits perfectly with the topic of this study the re-socialization of three-year-old men into the warrior society of the United States Marine corps. Unlike the recruiting efforts of the other(a) services, which seem to focus on what you score to gain by serving with them, the Marine Corps recruiting philosophy has always been one of challenging giving young men the chance to prove that they have what it takes to be U.S. Marines. We Never Promised You a Rose Garden, Take up the Challenge, and The Marine are Looking for a a few(prenominal) Good Men are all recruiting slogans aimed at inviting prospective Marines to prove they have what it takes to be a Marine. This philosophy seems to work because the Marine Corps is the one branch of service that consistently meets its recruiting goals year after year. The question here is whether or not the re-socialization process is necessary and does it serve a useful utilisation. If it does, what is that purpose? To the best of my knowledge there has never been a sociological study of the effects of Marine recruit training, and only one or two non-fiction books have been written about the training of male Marine recruits, most by someone who never served in the Corps. This paper will make reference to those works, barely for the most part will rely on the experiences of the author, a Marine for more than 30 years five of those as a drill instructor whose primary... ...all themselves United States Marines, forever a member of the warrior society. Still a part of American society, yet forever changed re-socialized for a higher purpose. SourcesAlvarez, E. (1984). Where It All Began A register of the United States Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina. Blountstown, FL Gayle. Banning, L. (Producer), Milos, F. (Director) (1996). Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Film. (Available from Horizon Film and Video, Austin, TX) Duncan, H. G., & Moore, W. T. (1980). Green Side Out Marine Corps Sea Stories. Blountstown, FL Gayle. Moore, H. (1983). Rows of Corns A True Account of a Parris Island Recruit. Orangeburg, SC Sandlapper. Regimental Order P1510.37G (1980). Close Order Drill Manual. San Diego Recruit Training Depot. Ricks, T. E. (1997) Making the Corps. raw York Scribner.

John F. Kennedy Essay -- Essays Papers

arse F. KennedyOn November 22, 1963, while being driven through the streets ofDallas, Texas, in his pen car, prexy John F. Kennedy was shot dead,apparently by the lone gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald. The world had not onlylost a common man, but a great attractor of men.From his heroic actions in World War II to his presidency, makinddecisions to avert possible nuclear conflict with world superpowers, greatness stool be seen. Kennedy also put up the time to author several best-sellingnovels from his experiences. His symbolic figure represented all the charm,vigor and optimism of youth as he led a earth into a new era of prosperity.From his birth into the powerful and influential Kenndy clan, often wasto be expected of him. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline,Massachuasetts. His father, Joe, Sr., was a self-made businessman withmany political connections. Appointed by President Roosevelt, Joe Sr., wasgiven the chair of the Securities and Exchange Comminision and later theprestigious position of United States ambassador to groovy Britian. Hismother, Rose, was a loving housewife and took young John on frequent tripsaround historic Boston learning about American revolutionary history. twainparents impressed on their children that their country had been good to theKennedys. Whatever benefits the family received from the country they weret elder, must be returned by preforming some service for the country. TheKennedy clan included Joe, Jr., Bobby, Ted and their sisters, Eunice, Jean,Patricia, Rosemary, and Kathleen. Joe, Jr., was a significant figure in youndJohns like as he was the figure for most of Johns admiration. His olderbrother was much bigger and stronger than John and took it upon himslef tobe Johns coach and protector. Johns childhood was full of sports, fun andactivity. This all ended when John grew old enough to leave for school.At the age of 13, John left home to attend an away school for the firsttime. Canterbury School, a b oarding school in sweet Milford, Connecticut andChoate Preparatory in Wallinford, Connecticut completed his elementaryeducation. John graduated in 1934 and was promised a trip to London as agraduation gift. Soon after, John became ill with jaundice and would have togo to the hospital. He spent the rest of the sumer trying to recover. He ... ... on January 3, 1967.Kennedy was the first President to be born in the 20th Century andwas very much a man of his time. He was restless, seeking, with a thirst ofknowledge, and he had a printing of deep commitment, not only to the peopleof the United States, but to the peoples of the world. Many of the causes hefouhgt for exist today because of what he did for the rights of minorities, thepoor, the very old and the very young. He never took anything for grantedadn worked for everything he owned. Perhaps Kennedy summed up his lifebest in his own inaugural speech Ask not what your country can do for you,but ask what you can do for your country.BibliographyJim Marrs CROSSFIRE THE PLOT THAT KILLED KENNEDY, New York Carroll& Graf Publishers, 1989.James DiEugenio, DESTINY BETRAYED JFK, CUBA, AND THE GARRISONCASE, New York Sheridan Square Press, Inc., 1992.Harrison Edward Livingstone, HIGH TREASON 2, New York Carroll & GrafPublishers, 1992.www.ourworld.compuserve.com/homepage/MGriffith/suspects.htmJ.F.K. & the cold warUrs Schwarz, John F. Kennedy, C.J. Bucher Ltd 1964Elizabeth Greenup, Case Studies in Modern History, 1987

Essay --

The Organizational Structure of NikeNike is the number one innovator in the world in athletic footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories. This worldwide company operates in an extremely different organizational structure than other companies, such as Reebok and Adidas. Nike operates tremendous selling strategies and develops inventive designs to inspire athletes around the world. This company is one of the largest suppliers in the world in athletic footwear and apparel, main producer of sports equipment, and making Nike the most semiprecious brand among sports companies. The task for Nike is to join diversity and inclusion to encourage ideas and innovation. Around the world, this company is a popular brand. Organizational StructureNike is made up as a matrix organizational structure, which consist of several specialists and some individuals report to at a minimum of two managers. In the company, the staff informs to a clustering of managers who dispatches the development re port to the manager of the department. Each product within the company includes of it is own section and has its own department who performs independently of the CEO. The managers and employees of Nike decide concerning design and settle while the department managers concentrate mainly on ethical issues. In addition, the managers are completely accountable for the employees. While operating a matrix structure, Nike makes choices and responds quick than any other department. Unlike Nike, Microsoft uses a divisional structure because it offers various separations within the company that functions almost as their own separate entities. However, this does not guess that they do not collaborate on projects or cross reference with each other. The divisi... ...ials to make their products rather than using materials that carries hazardous materials. There widespread of products religious service expand the company all around the world, and inspire the world with great performance and design. ConclusionNevertheless, Nike is an extremely diverse company with outstanding organizational structure, awing marketing strategy, and innovative products. The organizational structure of the Nike Corporation helped them become a leading innovator for the world with creative apparels and shoes. Their intelligent marketing strategies assist them in advertising their products to motive their customers and sell them. Their innovative product motivates customers with great performance footwear and quality designs to take on any obstacles. The Nike Corporation discovers various ship canal to improve their organizational structure to inspire the world.

The Baroque Period Essay -- European Art, Architecture, Lighting in Ar

The fascination with the concept of light (both physical and metaphysical) is one of the distinguishing traits of the Baroque period (1600-1750). Baroque painters from Caravaggio (insert dates) to Rembrandt (insert dates) and Vermeer (insert dates), solely found inspiration in the symbolism of light, and relied heavily on light resultant roles to animate their subject matter. In architecture the desire for theatrical effect and illusion was helped and achieving through lighting.Renaissance buildings were based on simple proportions and relationships and their beauty lay in their unified harmony. All that was required of light was to make these compatible proportions clearly visible. The ideal effect was that produced by monochrome, uniform lighting. This was replaced in the Baroque era by the desire for theatrical effect achieved through lighting by focusing it on one area while keeping other areas in darkness. The different effects that light produces when striking surfaces of different textures were also victimised by Baroque architects. For example, surfaces were broken up by alternating marble or plaster walls with ones of large, rough stones. Surfaces could also be broken up by combining projections and overhangs with abrupt, deep recesses. Smaller-scale carved elements were also used, which gave an effect of movement to the buildings surfaces architectural decoration of this type sometimes covered every feature especially at joins so that the surfaces of appeared to continue uninterrupted.Baroque churches used light as a visible manifestation of the supernatural with magical chiaroscuro (the technique of exemplar form through gradations of light and dark) effects. In the Baroque church, the light is woven into... ...ed a sleepy village outside Paris into a huge palace-town that served as a fixed seat of government. The dazzling chteau was surrounded with gardens, reflecting pools, and fountains, which were used to impressive effect during forma l ceremonies, festivals, and fireworks displays. Versailles became the ultimate European palace, not only because of its size, splendour and ripe(p) layout but also because of the ideal manner in which it expressed absolutist power. Versailles was not the court of a humble mortal but the residence of the cheer King. The impressive complex at Versailles prompted emulative palace-building and city-planning campaigns in Vienna, Saint Petersburg, and throughout Europe. Even Turin and other small state capitals were rebuilt according to Baroque tastes and concerns, with broad avenues, squares, theatres, and bastioned fortifications.

Rodeo State Finals Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples

Rodeo State FinalsThis is what I had been hoping for the entire year. I had been to many that were quite the analogous to this one, but none that could shew me the same enduring edginess and serenity that I was feeling right now. My eyes skimmed across the hundreds of people who were all thither for the same reason as me. Striving to be out of the sweltering sun, but not out of clear view of what I came for, I lead myself in a properly search for the spot for which I belonged. As I sat down, I prepared myself for the pain that I was outlet to feel or so an hour later. I always forgot how sore I would get from sitting on the bleachers for so long, but every time I approached them, I would remember and smile.During, the whole rodeo sequence I looked forward to going to the State Finals. I didnt attend the finals as a participant, but as a spectator. As President of the Saddle bronco Fan Club for my friend Cole, there was no way I would miss this experience. We both had been looking forward to this day for a long time.Everything about going to this rodeo was fantastic the food, the fun, most of all, the rodeo grounds. The place that I fit in was in the stands of the arena. Sitting there for four days got a little old, and, going on the fifth day, I was a little tired. Nevertheless, tired or not, this was what I had been looking forward to--the Short Go. This is the round in a rodeo when the crystallize 15 from each event compete for the title of State Champion. This day was different from the other days that I had come. I could feel the tension and uncongeniality in the air from the contestants. Maybe it was from the stress and pressure of the days rodeo, or maybe it was from the fact that they all were wearing long sleeve sh... ...addition, no one could wave the way I was feeling. This is where I belonged even though others thought different. I had never once thought about going to rodeos until I met Cole. He had direct me to something tha t I will now look forward to going to for the rest of my life. Even with the blistering sun and even with the pouring rain, I found a sense of my own belongingness. Just because I didnt look the part of a usual rodeo fan, didnt mean that I wasnt one of the biggest fans of all. I was glad that I could be a supporter for my friend, but most of all I was glad for the new, thrilling experience. It was a feeling that no roller coaster ride could ever give me. My next journey was in a month, and I was on my way to the next big rodeo, Nationals. I expected the same response from people there as here, but I was hopeful for it. With this thought, I smiled.

Rodeo State Finals Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples

Rodeo State FinalsThis is what I had been hoping for the entire year. I had been to many that were quite the same to this matchless, but none that could accommodate me the same enduring edginess and serenity that I was feeling right now. My eyes skimmed across the hundreds of tribe who were all there for the same suit as me. Striving to be out of the sweltering sun, but not out of clear view of what I came for, I lead myself in a mighty search for the spot for which I be pineed. As I sat down, I prepared myself for the pain that I was going to feel about an mo later. I always forgot how sore I would get from sitting on the bleachers for so long, but forevery time I approached them, I would remember and smile.During, the unharmed rodeo season I looked forward to going to the State Finals. I didnt attend the finals as a participant, but as a spectator. As President of the gable roof Bronc Fan Club for my friend Cole, there was no way I would miss this experience. We both had been looking forward to this day for a long time.Everything about going to this rodeo was fantastic the food, the fun, most of all, the rodeo grounds. The place that I fit in was in the stands of the arena. Sitting there for four days got a microscopical old, and, going on the fifth day, I was a little tired. Nevertheless, tired or not, this was what I had been looking forward to--the Short Go. This is the round in a rodeo when the top 15 from each event compete for the title of State Champion. This day was different from the other days that I had come. I could feel the focus and hostility in the air from the contestants. Maybe it was from the stress and pressure of the days rodeo, or maybe it was from the fact that they all were wearing long sleeve sh... ...addition, no one could beat the way I was feeling. This is where I belonged even though others thought different. I had never once thought about going to rodeos until I met Cole. He had led me to something that I will now look forward to going to for the rest of my life. Even with the blistering sun and even with the pouring rain, I set in motion a sense of my own belongingness. Just because I didnt look the part of a usual rodeo fan, didnt mean that I wasnt one of the biggest fans of all. I was glad that I could be a supporter for my friend, but most of all I was glad for the new, thrilling experience. It was a feeling that no roller coaster ride could ever give me. My next journey was in a month, and I was on my way to the next big rodeo, Nationals. I expected the same response from people there as here, but I was hopeful for it. With this thought, I smiled.

Islam, Quran, Sunnah Essay

The paper talks about the importance of the rule book and the hadith as the primary election sources of Islamic beliefs, practices, and law, and their influence in Muslims daily life Islam. Islam is a religion that was originated when oracle Mohammad (PBUH) began to spread the teachings of Allah (God of the followers of Islam) in the 7th century. God choose Prophet Mohammad as his last messenger and ordered the Prophet to spread his teachings and to ask everyone to believe in the oneness of Allah and the plenty who follow Islam are c all in alled the Muslims. script is the countersign of God that was revealed to Prophet Mohammad through Angel Jibrael and the Muslims consider the book to be a very Holy take of God that covers each and every facial gesture of life and the word Quran stands for recitation. It talks about everything a human being needs to seek charge for and it tells the right way of how to live your life. When the Quran was revealed, the language it was written in was Arabic, however, now the book is available in all translations so that slew can read and understand the true scene of the book well and can follow its teachings.The teachings in the Quran differentiate the right from wrong and also tell the benefits of considering the right path and the consequences of selecting the wrong path. The Muslims who select the right path would always benefit in the world and also in the hereafter i. e. life after death. Quran does not force anyone to postulate the right or the wrong path but it does portray the negative and the positive aspects of the path the Muslims select.As mentioned above, Quran is a complete book of guidance for the Muslims and it covers every aspect of life. To further explain this, I would give some examples of what Quran speaks of. Some of the very basics that Islam as well as early(a) religions also ask the human community to do is to always select the right path that means they should not cheat anyone, they should n ot lie, they should not reveal anyone or should not take the sue share of another person.As said by the Quran and the Prophet Mohammad, the Muslims who will follow the teachings of Islam and implement the etchings of the Quran will always be successful in every way and the most important thing is that Allah (God) will also love such people and this would then result in the worldly reward or the reward of going to Heaven after death. When the Quran was revealed, the companions of Prophet Mohammad used to write bulge out each and every verse of Allah and the Book was later complied and the text is still the same as it was when it was revealed.The Muslims also believe that each and every word is the Book is the word of Allah. Quran is thus very important in shaping up the life of a Muslim and is one of the primary sources of Islamic beliefs. new(prenominal) than the Quran, the Sunnah is also considered to be one of the primary sources of the Islamic believes. The word Sunnah basical ly refers to the path that Prophet Mohammad choose to live his life and it includes the traditions he followed, his actions and words, what he practiced. Overall, it basically the way he had chosen to live his life.The Muslims follow the example of the Prophet Mohammad mainly through the Hadiths. Prophet Mohammad did each and everything God asked him to do and led his whole life always by choosing the right path. For instance, Prophet Mohammad taught the Muslims to offer prayers both individually as well as in multitude especially for the men and that is what the Muslims follow today especially on every Friday when all Muslim men go to the mosque to offer the Friday prayers. Since the time of Prophet Mohammad, people have learned how to live in a practical manner and this has been transmitted to their future generations.The Muslims also adopt the living room of the Prophet that includes his habits and style and the way he dealt with the other people. He was always considerate and caring, he always used to forgive others and he always used to be courteous with others and this is what the Muslims must inculcate in themselves as well. The Quran also talks about Prophet Mohammad and has commanded the Muslims to follow what the Prophet has taught and to obey the teachings of the Prophet at all times. The significance of Sunnah is moreover also to please God by doing what His most loved Prophet did and to embrace his way of living.Both the Quran and the Sunnah therefore, play a very vital role in shaping up the life of a Muslim and so these have a gigantic influence on the lives of the Muslim community. Work Cited Neusner, Jacob. World Relgions in America An Introduction. 3rd Edn. Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. Swarup, Ram. Understanding the Hadith The Sacred Traditions of Islam. 1st Edn. Prometheus Books, 2002. Voorst, Robert. E. V. Anthology of World Scriptures. sixth Edn. Wadsworth Publishing, 2007. Waqner, Walter H. Opening the Quran Introducing Islams H oly Book. 1st Edn. University of Notre Dame Press, 2008.

Impact of education on Iran post-revolution Essay

Irans capital is Tehran, which is also the largest city and acts as a center for the commercial, industrial, administrative, educational activities. Apart from Tehran, there ar new(prenominal) cities like Esfahan, Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, Ahwaz, etc. It was estimated in 2002 that the population of Iran was about 66,622,704, which was almost double than that of 1975 population. The population of Iran is made up of numerous ethnic groups Persians being the superior and largest group, who have migrated from Central Asia to Iran in the beginning of the 7th century BC establishing the first Persian Empire way back in 550 BC. they include Gilaki, Mazandarani. in that location atomic number 18 several opposite ethnic groups such(prenominal) as the Kurds and the Lurs. The official language of Iran is Modern Persian, which is derived from an ancient literary Persian language, which was written in the Pahlavi rule book but in the 7th century, after the Arab conquest a refreshed form wr itten in the Arabic script developed during the 9th and 10th centuries which create the basis for the Modern Persian language used today. The official religion of Iran has been Jafari Shia Islam since the 16th century about 93 % of all Iranians follows Shia Islam, mostly of the Jafari group.In 1979 Irans constitution has assigned important political leadership roles in the regimen to the Shia clergy. Personal conduct and group behavior endurance of cultural values such as obligations to extended family, hospitality toward guests, and striving to act morally far predated the Islamic conquest of the 7th century and continued to influence the Iranian culture. In1979 with unearthly rhetoric revolution it was heavily imbued. The leaders barring different forms of entertainment activities such as casinos, nightclubs and dance halls, movies featuring nudity or sexual themes, and pop and rock and roll musical genres.In spite of economic growth, strong Shia opposition led by Ayatollah Kh omeini against the Mohammed Reza Shah has brought Iran closer to the situation of civil war which was the beginning of Iranian conversion resulting in the departure of Shah from Iran on Jan. 16, 1979. Finally on April 1, Ayatollah Khomeini declared an Islamic republic with a new Constitution reflecting his ideals of Islamic government. He also became Irans supreme spiritual leader (Valy-e-Faqih). As a consequence, many demonstrations were held to show dissent to the new rules, like extreme regulations on the code of dress of women.Irans rearing system In 1906 after the countrys first constitution was drafted, public primary education was introduced in Iran, primarily in urban system, gradually expanding, but did not included secondary education (until 1925). During 1979 Islamic revolution, enrolment of only 60% primary school age children, and less than 50 % of secondary school age, has taken place in the public schools of Iran adult literacy rate accounting only to 48 %. The refo rm in 1960 is known as the White revolution and the reform in 1979 is known as the Islamic revolution.After the revolution, a reform in education system was brought up to arm the nation through developing education . Education was included in the high priority list of the government, focusing on programs like adult literacy, constructions of new schools, and expansion of public colleges and other higher education institutes. As a result of that the literacy rate had reached for all Iranians aged 15 and older to 94. 6 share by the year 2001 higher for males (96. 6 percent) than for females (92. 5 percent) and also higher in cities than in rural areas. Compulsory Education is made for children between the ages 6 to11.Every village consisting at least a primary school, by the expansion of both public and mystic education system and in 1996, 89. 6 % of primary school-aged children and 74. 2 % of secondary school-aged childrens enrollment in schools has taken place. But dropouts are still high in the rural areas. Improvement in the educational opportunities for girls after the revolution has taken place but the dropout rate is still higher for girls which can be evident from the fact that 87% of worthy age of girls though attended primary school, only 69% percent attended secondary school.More than 30 tuition-free public universities apart from many other institutes of higher learning including medical universities, teacher training providing colleges, agricultural colleges, etc. are present in Iran. But up to 1996 only 17 % Iranians of relevant age were enrolled in higher learning institutions. The major center for higher education is Tehran, with more than 15 universities along with numerous colleges and institutes. Additionally, there are other Universities located in Hamedan, Esfahan, Shiraz, and Tabriz.Besides, Islamic Free University that has been involved in the development of campuses in the cities throughout Iran since its establishment in the late 1 980s and a private system of higher education consisting of theological colleges. The number of young Iranian women getting admitted in to the universities has been raised dramatically in the new years. More than 60 percent women entries have been registered in the Universities, only in the last five years in Iran that is a surprising development for the Islamic Republic of Iran.Education has a strong social value for the Irans women, according to experts who observe it as a way to achieve greater freedom. But some Iranian officials do still expression of concern about the trend. This growing trend of increase in number of the young women in Universities of Iran is regarded as a phenomenon in the male dominated society. University studies are used as a means to leave home, postponement of marriages, earning greater freedom and social respect by the Iranian women.According to Dr.Said Peyvandi, a Paris-based professor, sarcastically, after the 1979 revolution and the countrys Islamiz ation educational institutions the girls from traditional or conservative families began to go to school this may be due to the reason that the traditional families who would not sent their girls to school before, due to presence of men teachers or saying that the school was not Islamic has started send them to school. As a result the girls took the maximum advantage from the schools Islamization, and also justifying their presence out of the home .This growing number of female university graduates started to impact on Irans labor market already. The women attending the higher education in Iran has been increased since 1989 . Women entering into a number of professions, public as well as private sectors and also taking an active part in the business world currently making up to 10 % of the work storm. About a ternary of the women who were working were laid off by the new regime in the earlier years of the revolution but now, Iranian women are returning as factory engineers and spe cialists, instead of those female office workers and secretaries.Which actually, is make an influx of female specialists in Irans labor market, who can replace men. A labor force made up of women specialists can be seen in Iran presently that never existed in Iranian history. According to the managing director of an educational and cultural magazine Lowh Mohammad Ghaed, the heighten of many Iranian women to top professional positions that were previously dominated by men is observed presenting a common scene such as women at the head of an office or a bank where they are capable of giving orders to their subordinates including men.Irans family structures are also presenting the change raising the average marriage, travel by in the birthrate, etc. Which are considered as a direct result of the growing number of women pursuing university education causing the improvement in conditions for women in Iran according to Peyvandi. Seeing the greater social demands from women some concern s are raised especially by the conservatives who argue that the shift represents a danger to traditional ethics. of late a quota system was proposed aimed at limiting the number of women enrolling in courses like medicine, where predominance of female students can be seen by The Education Ministry. Some conservatives and reformists are in trial to scale back the womens overall access to higher education in Iran as it is resulting in the liberalization of women. Therefore they are also using economic excuses, trying to impose some restrictions, are even approaching for laws in order to limit the admission of women to universities.In recent years Iranian women have made many great achievements but a larger part of society is still not ready to curb them. Over the last 10-15 years the problem of unemployment has worsened both in men as well as women, consequencely, there are no jobs for university graduates. accessible issues like the number of families with annual incomes below the poverty line have been reduced from 47% to 19% during1979 1996 yet poverty continues to be a major problem of the society.Measures like subsidies for food, fuel, and utilities to support low-income families have been taken up by the Govt. o decrease the impact of poverty. Inadequate Health care services in rural areas, widespread use of illegal drugs for recreation, especially among young people are some of concerns for the society. Various public social services including national health insurance program providing free or low-cost health care in village clinics or city hospitals that are run by the government providing pensions to the retired employees, survivor benefits to widows of Veterans killed in action or deceased retirees, disability payments, etc are going on successfully.Reading Lolita in Tehran One of the Novels, Reading Lolita in Tehran A Memoir in Books reflects the life of the narrator Nafisi, her personal and intellectual events in Iran after the revolution she a lso narrates the dream of revolution among the Iranians and how that was tattered according to her. She also indirectly condemns the lowering of marriage age for girls to nine years by the Islamic regime, which took power in 1979 by referring to the incidence of a middle aged man becoming sexually obsessed with a 12 year old pubescent girl.It also mentions her refusal to wear veil causing her dismissal from the university of Tehran in 1980. Though she criticized the restriction of freedom in the Iranian regime, she also called for self-criticism in her speech at the National book feast in 2004, one has to see what he / she (people) has done to create a particular situation instead of blaming wholly on the Islamic regime.

The Impacts of the Global Recession of 2008-2009

The human recession of 2008 to 2009 was caused ultimately by globose imbalances in trade and crown flows, globalization of financial markets, the trend towards a new finance-led capitalism and the related pattern of income distribution. The achievements of the recession on Africa were tremendous and argon still being felt today. Africa is homeland to numerous born(p) resources. Contrary to this, it is one of poorest regions in the world constituting almost 10% of the worlds population and ravaged by high crime arranges and the human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS pandemic.The worldwide stinting crisis of late 2008 and 2009 do significant economicalal and social developmental ch e real(prenominal)enges for African countries. Even if the impact of the economic crisis on Africa was pass judgment initially to be less severe, its challenges have now been estimated to be big(p). The profit Africa gained from the exports and imports of natural resources and commodities has red uced veridically. Trade with China and the coupled States of America became significantly feeble. Interestingly, the end of the recession seems to vary from country to country.However, there have been common economic impacts seen from those countries which participate in large shield exportation. Therefore, this essay serves the main purpose of identifying the impacts made by the recession on Africa. These aspects include, impacts made on the journeyism, market-gardening, hospitality, banking, health, rock oil and mine firmaments. In addition, it identifies the effects on the economy gively, global trade, unconnected direct investment, remittances, outside countenance flow and over above this, the exacerbation of poverty as well the positive impacts and changes the recession brought.To make a start with this subject, the consequences of the global economic crisis have been manifold. The crisis has brought a profound economic decline in the economies of African countrie s and the growth rates have dropped. Further much, the impacts brought about by the recession hit all major economic goals, causing a strike down turn in the natural resources sector and recent development strategies. worldwide trade has played a frigid role in the economic growth of African countries, with the demand of African commodities increasingly growing in the global market. When the recession had worsened, the most immediate effect was a decline in the exporting and demand of African commodities. In 2009, global trade experienced the sharpest drop in seventy years peculiarly trade in iron, steel and manu itemurers and industrial machinery were affected poorly. 60 percent of African exports go to the European Union as well as the unify States. 1 Thus, considering the fact that America and European countries were adversely affected by the financial crisis, where imports fell by 2 and 5 percent respectively and a substantial fall in the prices of commodities such as hair and oil, African countries were the most vulnerable. As a result, there has been a major decrease in the economic growth rates and account balances. This is saddening, considering the fact that galore(postnominal) countries depend on the exporting revenue of natural resources such as oil and minerals.By way of example, mineral exporting countries such as Zimbabwe, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo dropped approximately 6 million US dollars in 2009. Furthermore, countries such as Nigeria and Angola saw a deficit of about 79 million dollars and Uganda, the second largest c souree producer and exporter in Africa, experienced a shortfall from 36. 3 million to 23. 9 million. Moreover, second Africas total exports decreased significantly in 2009. The most affected product being wine which experienced a large drop in total volumes.Pursuing this point further, the decline in the price of African commodities led to a major loss in trade and trade tax revenue. For instance, arr ant(a) oil which plays a vital role in making products such as paint, diesel fuel, heating oil and make up has been reported to be the most affected commodity in Africa. There have been numerous statistics showing its decline by 50 % between 2008 and 2009. 2 Over and above this, there has been a 20% fall in the prices of coffee, sugar, copper and cotton during this period.According to statistics given by the African Development Bank, Africa has experienced a decline of 15 billion US dollars in trade tax which accounts for 4. 6 % of government revenue and 1% of Gross Domestic Product. Moreover, the major African oil producers Angola and Nigeria together suffered a loss of 4. 6 billion US dollars in their oil exports. In fact, this has been the largest loss for oil exporting countries of Africa. With respectfulnesss to the oil, the demand for international market has been reduced by a large margin, coupled with a decline in oil prices.These atomic number 18 the circumstances that ha ve lead to a decline in the oil sector. Oil is a major source of energy in Nigeria and the world at large. As the mainstay of the Nigerian economy and by playing a pivotal role in shaping the economic and political destiny, the lessening of oil exporting revenue consequently affects the economy at large. 3 In the eccentric of both Nigeria and Angola there was a decline in government revenues from 30% in 2007 to 22% in 2009. This in turn significantly reduced the cling to of the currency. By way of example, we shall look at the impact the recession had on the tourism and hospitality sector.Tourism is key sector for triggering economic growth and in addition, it is a major source of foreign currency and its labour intensive nature get winds that there is employment. Countries like Morocco, Mauritius, Uganda and Kenya are largely dependent on their tourism revenues. intimately notably, Botswanas tourism sector is one of the counties major economic contributors, with tourist attrac tions like the Chobe National Park, Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Gemsbok National Park to comment but a few. Like numerous another(prenominal) industries, this sector was adversely affected by the global economic crisis.Mainly hotel reservations dropped immensely and Mauritius and Tanzania faced numerous tour cancellations. Consequently, a decline in tourism revenue affects nutriment tribute, purchasing power and potential for expansion. Moreover, in Kenya we see a steady fall in remittances in October 2008 from 61 million dollars to 39 million dollars in January 2009. In fact, tourism receipts went down by 13% in the last tooshie of 2008. Additionally, tourism in Zimbabwe was amongst the fastest growing sectors of the economy by contributing significantly to Zimbabwes Gross Domestic Product during the period 1980 to 2000.However, as a result of the recession, tourism was the third largest foreign exchange earner in Zimbabwe after tobacco and gold. 4a In spite of many economi c and political hindrances, Zimbabwe is emcee to one of the Seven Wonders of the ball, the Victoria Falls and is home to many tourist attractions such as Lake Kariba, the Eastern Highlands, Great Zimbabwe ruins and boasts of a favourable warm climate. This explains wherefore tourism has historically been an important sector in the Zimbabwean economy. The industry currently employs a significant percentage of the working population.This leads us to the issue of unemployment. Unemployment rise quite drastically in 2009, between 13 and 18 million jobs were lost according to the ILO. 4 Unemployment is rising as a result of the laying off of workers in export orientated industries. Furthermore, the continuing decline in the consumers purchasing power reduces demand for manufactured goods, such as household items, clothing and food. In the DRC, 100 000 workers lost jobs following the closing of 40 mines and as a result of 17 mining firms leaving the country.In addition, 80 000 workers in Zambias copper belt were left jobless. Many Zimbabwean citizens go abroad in search of greener pastures, and remit money to their families back home, with the sole purpose of investing and consuming. well-nigh of these citizens are either living in sec Africa or the United Kingdom. Thus, the world recession reduced employment opportunities to those citizens working abroad. Moreover, there has been a speedy decline in remittances since rising unemployment in Europe is compressing the demand for migrants.The estimated $15 billion dollars sent to Africa as remittances each year dropped significantly by 11%. A decline in remittances likewise affects household income security. It is of adequate importance to note that these remittances comprise of capital inflows, which are the main source of Africas external revenue. These include foreign aid, migrant workers remittances and charities. As furthermost as foreign aid is concerned, the majority of African countries largely depend o n foreign aid and other charities from the international communities such as Aid for Africa as well as the United Nations. 5 Before the crisis arose, many African countries saw an augment in their annual aid and received a lump sum of money and commodities from many of the countries who form the G8, as a result of the their 2005 summit. However, when the crisis had a profound impact on the American and European economies a number of these developed countries were either forced to withdraw or reduce their aid to Africa. As far as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is concerned, Africa is getting the worlds maximum total amount of foreign development support which comprises of almost 27. 19 billion US dollars. 6 It would be a phenomenon if the African sylvan sector were to be left intact by the recession, especially those African countries that have agriculture as the backbone of their economy . Agriculture dependent economies such as the Ethiopian, Bur undian and Malian saw a short fall in their agricultural products, leading to the reduction of their export revenues. 7 In light of this, many countries failed to reach their prescribed goals for production and exportation. As a result, farmers have been left helpless and loosely unemployed as the price of buying fertilizers, agricultural machinery and seeds increased drastically.This has led to a decrease in cultivation. Consequently, the less crops produced trigger an increase in food prices. The economic turmoil made the farmers helpless as they were unable to purchase seeds and fertilizers. This has lead to a decrease in cultivation and the export of products, hence declination the impact on the food crisis. In this light, African governments have experienced a short fall in revenue which has threatened food security in Africa. To make matters worse, food aids to Africa have been considerably lower, therefore, the number of people facing food insecurity has increased tremendo usly.There is no doubt that the mining sector in many African countries was affected by the recession, considering the fact that Africa is rich in terms of mineral wealth. Botswana has an open economy which has the mining sector as its backbone. However, the global recession saw a decline in export demand and a reduction in prices of minerals such as nickel, diamonds as well as copper. As a result of this, there was a reduction in public revenue and company sales which lead to huge unemployment. The immediate result of this massive unemployment meant lower household expenditure and savings.On the whole, Botswanas mining sector is characterized by production cuts, staff retrenchment and lengthy botany shutdowns. STOPPED While there is unemployment one should take into account the immediate effect of unemployment which is poverty. In Africa, women bear most of the economic hardships as they are in many instances widowed as a result of the HIV and AIDS pandemic and immediately take o n the role of the bread winner. Regardless of this, cod to the recession women are the first to lose their jobs, because men are regarded as the legitimate jobholders. 8 Alas, many are left at a dead end, facing an increase in food prices coupled with unemployment. This usually leads to an increase in the cases of malnourished individuals and the most vulnerable being children. Having said this, it is important to note that near parts of Africa are less pronounced than others depending on the strength of the economy. In fact, because of womens unequal position in the household and the workplace, girls are overly more likely to be taken out of school first or not given medical treatment in order to cut down on family costs.In the same vein, the health sector which was already in a state of commotion prior to the recession has been further weakened. The health sector is dependent on aid from foreign organisations as well as financial packages. This aid can be in the form of money , drugs, machinery, medical and surgical implements and sundries and toiletries. The World Health Organisation and the Overseas Development Association are the main donors. Prior to the crisis, the African health sector had developed considerably although it faced many challenges but as the crisis worsened so did the condition of the sector.This can be illustrated by a cut down of all financial and social programmes, reduction in investment in the health sector as well as the decrease in supply and delivery of health care and other social services. The Overseas Development Association is the main organisation that deals with Aids victims by funding their medical needs. Thus a cut in this aid increases the rate of mortalities as well as the rate at which the pandemic spreads. From the onset of the crisis, African stock markets have been vulnerable and hence suffered severely.In Egypt and Nigeria the declines were reported to be 67% whilst many other African countries faced similar si tuations, these countries include Mauritius, Zambia, Kenya and Botswana. 9In truth, most immediate effects of a crippled stock market are threats to the banking sector. Bearing this in mind, many banks have primarily felt the impacts of the economic turmoil. Surprisingly, African countries have suffered more losses than developed countries. Firstly, the balance sheet of banks was severely bruised. This takes place when borrowers are unable to meet their debt obligations cod to a weakened economy and low income.Prior to the recession, well performing banks could afford to issue out loans, however, due to the financial crisis they faced because of the recession these prominent banks became bankrupt. Besides this, the IMF reports that the flow in nonperforming loans has caused huge profit losses in the banking sector. One can agree that the global recession was coupled with devastating impacts on society as a whole. However, the aftermath of the recession has paved way for economic st rategies to prepare us for emerging crises. Whilst the effects of the recession subside there has been a massive decline in global food and energy prices.Moreover, there has been stabilization in this regard which has come as blessing for countries such as Botswana and southeastward Africa this can be seen by an affordable and stabilised level of food prices and energy. With regards to unemployment the South African government created 500,000 job opportunities in 2010 mainly through a public-works programme which was also done in preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Furthermore, the government has set a target of 4 million new jobs by 2014. The government insists it will create decent work, even if hese jobs are only temporary as part and parcel of the Expanded Public Works Programme. However the government has reassured the public that these jobs are just a stepping stone for what is to come and a bridge to pave way for permanent, rights based employment. Addi tionally African governments namely Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania and South Africa have embarked on programmes such as negotiating a framework for a unified response by business, government and trade unions, with an emphasis on avoiding, where possible, retrenchments. 10 There has also been a reduction of reside rates.On the issue of interest rates, as a response to the financial crisis most of the African countries have taken actions to reduce their interest rates significantly since the very beginning of the crisis in the continent. In countries like Botswana and Egypt, central banks have made a decrease by 50 basis points. In Nigeria the interest rate was 10. 25% prior to the crisis but the central bank of Nigeria has reduced the rate to 9. 25% in response to the crisis. Many of the other countries include Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Tunisia also reduced interest rates.Contrary to this observation the Democratic republic of Congo is the only country that has not complied with strategy. Instead, Congolese banks have actually increased their interest rates. In South Africa the government has taken advantage of the situation by initiating policies and programmes which have reduced the negative effect of the crisis on child poverty and large scale poverty. These programmes will also provide emergency relief to households in hurt in this regard although poverty is still problematic, many African countries have taken up social grants, most notably the child-support grant, as well as old-age pensions.Approximately 13 million south Africans benefit from the social grant system, also South Africa ranks among the as one of the most extensive in middle-income countries. 11 Similarly, Botswana and Namibia have taken up various grants with the main aim of fighting against the deepening of poverty and distress for the foreseeable future. Many banks went bankrupt during the recession and in order to prevent a similar scenario some African countries have taken seve ral measures to ensure that there is a constant flow of credit in banks.This has been done by increasing the liquidity to banks and other financial firms in countries like Togo, Niger, Mali and Benin to name but a few. 12 Other countries have resorted to financial packages and new credit facilities to mobilize cash flow. This has been done in Tunisia, Cameroon and Liberia. International trade has played a vital role in the economic growth of African countries as a source of external revenue. So it is thus of adequate importance to change integrity and pay attention to Africas relationship with the emerging economies of the world which is a handy and important business strategy.This helps Africa to find new markets to advertise and sell African commodities, over and above this it is a strategic way to accelerate export revenue mainly for the oil and other primary commodity exporting countries. On the whole it is encouraged to maintain strong ties with countries such as India and Chi na in order to create opportunities in international market and to bring capital into Africa. As a result of the crisis a greater effort has been put to promote womens equality and many donors have ensure that womens voices are heard in high level discussions, conferences and forums, namely the G20 and G8 meetings.Furthermore aid has been increased significantly and an adequate amount t has been directed to cater for women and to support womens empowerment programmes. Generally there has been an increase in organisations that strive for a world where women are equal, secure, respected and proud. Womankind works together with womens organisations around the world to reduce violence against women, and to ensure women actively participate in society and ensure that their sole purpose of fighting for womens rights is upheld. As a net remark, Africa has suffered severe impacts as a result of the recession, but will recover quite soon.Even if the general impact on exports was severe, it was not evenly distributed among sectors, regions and types of enterprise. With the help of the United Nations and many other donors and organisation Africa is at the brink of recovery. Additionally, Africa is in an advantageous position considering its numerous mineral wealth, hence we should rely on these commodities to safeguard our future. Considering the fact that the crisis abruptly affected trade African countries should implement strategies to enhance the demand of their products and to find more markets.Thus it is important to maintain close ties with international trade partners in order to have a constant flow of capital. I urge governments most notably the Zimbabwean government to to actively participate in economic activities and capital generating schemes, which Increase agricultural productivity which in turn raise output and lower food prices, hence reduce inflationary pressures and the demand for imports. Secondly, these governments should also carry out further res earch to prevent future crises or better preparation for future crises.This research should tackle the areas most affected by the recession such as employment, social welfare support, the health, agricultural, mining and tourism sectors and social prevention for vulnerable groups such as farmers, women, children and the labour force in general. Above all, I strongly feel that aid, funds and relief packages are not given to the appropriate people. Realistically speaking many government officials insult their privileges and sell these packages for their own benefit, thus there needs to be a strict policy that ensures that these packages are readily available for the needy.From this research, I have reason out that in order for Africa to overcome the impacts of the recession, global strategies are a necessity in order to preserve the foundations of growth and wealth in Africa. END NOTES 1 R. Triffin, The International Accounts of the United States and their Impact upon the Rest of th e World, La Banque Internationale de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 1985,pp. 12-30 2 R. J. Shiller, The economy and why it matters for global capitalism, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2010, pp. 17-51. 3 S. A.Madujibeya, Oil and Nigerias Economic Development, African affairs, Vol. 75, No. 300, milliampere Amherst, Massachusetts,1976, pp. 284-316. 4 M. T. Hadjimichael, result in Sub- Saharan Africa, IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 43, Zimbabwe, 2009, pp. 605633. 5 R. Triffin, The International Accounts of the United States and their Impact upon the Rest of the World, La Banque Internationale de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 1985,pp. 28-43. 6 Ibid 7 S. Seguino, The Global Crisis, Its Gender Implications and Policy Responses, Burlington, Vermont, 2009, pp. 1-25 8 R. A.Posner, A Failure of Capitalism The Crisis of 08 and the furrow into Depression, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2009, pp. 16-28. 9 S. A. Madujibeya, opcit, pp. 317-321 10 D. Sahn, Adjusting to Policy Failure in African Econom ies, Cornell University, New York, 2010, pp. 3-19. 11 Ibid 12Ibid, pp. 27-37. BIBLIOGRAPHY M. T. Hadjimichael, Growth in Sub- Saharan Africa, IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 43, Zimbabwe,2009, pp. 605633. S. A. Madujibeya , Oil and Nigerias Economic Development, African affairs, Vol. 75, No. 300, Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts,1976. R. A.Posner, A Failure of Capitalism The Crisis of 08 and the Descent into Depression, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2009. D. Sahn, Adjusting to Policy Failure in African Economies, Cornell University, New York, 2010. S. Seguino, The Global Crisis, Its Gender Implications and Policy Responses, Burlington, Vermont, 2009. R. J. Shiller, The economy and why it matters for global capitalism, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2010. R. Triffin, The International Accounts of the United States and their Impact upon the Rest of the World, La Banque Internationale de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 1985.

Revenge in the Great Expectations Essay

Revenge is a primary theme in the new(a) Great Expectation by Charles Dickens. In this young, many characters go off of their way to extract punish, leading them to misfortunes such as last and imprisonment. Dickens makes it real clear that nothing positive can come from revenge by his characters and the results that come from their revenge. These acts range from petty resentment filled with passion, to long and drag kayoed strife laced with malice, to lifelong vendettas driven by hatred.Revenge comes in many formsand for Orlick, his was the sort of petty resentment filled with passion, rather than stone arctic hatred. In the novel, Orlick acts as the main antagonist he is described as tardy, as flog explained he wasnever in hurry, and always slouching. (102), and hostile, by telltale(a) Pip that the Devil lived in a black corner of the forgeand it was necessary to make a fire once in seven days with a live boy and I might consider myself fuel. (102). Orlick was also abus ive due to his outburst at Mrs Gargery when she pose her judgement on the particular that Joe was letting both Pip and Orlick have a half-holiday by saying Id hold you, if you was my wife. Id hold you under the mettle and choke it out of you. Despite being mere words, from that moment on Orlick held a grudge on both Pip and Mrs Gargery. Orlick resented Mrs Gargery for her attitude towards him. And he resented Pip for having everything Orlick wanted at the forge, Pip was favoured and Orlick was bullied and beat.In Orlicks eyes Pip was always in Old Orlicks way since ever you was a child. (388) This tempts him into extracting revenge, by assaulting Mrs Gargery, he justifies his actions by telling Pip that it was done through you, (389) Orlick blames Pip for his misfortunes, and hates Pip to the extent that he attempted to murder him. Orlick says Im a going to have your life (388) this is an every(prenominal)egoryand has two meanings one literal, and one figurative. Orlick literall y wants to take Pips life, and kill him, depositing of his body so no one would ever know of his crime. However on the other hand, Orlick figuratively wants Pips lifehis resentment of Pip comes from his jealousy. Orlick wishes to have Pips life, to be favoured, to be standardisedd, to be a gentleman. But when his plans of killing Pip fails, and Orlick resortsto breaking into Pumblechooks house, and robs and beats him, he is ultimately caught and imprisonedthis reveals the result of obtaining revenge, and how it will lead only to misfortunes. Nothing good can come from revenge as shown by Orlicks eventual destination prison. Like Orlick, Magwitch wishes to extract his revenge as wellwhich is a long dragged out strife between him and Compeyson. Magwitch loathes Compeyson for setting him up as a scrape goat in their trial.Because Compeyson looked like a gentleman he had a more lenient punishment than Magwitchwho baptistryd most of the blame for both of their crimes. Due to this, Magw itch has sworn to smash that face of his (Compeysons), and I swore Lord smash mine To do it. (322) Magwitch was willing to give up anything, and everything to get his revenge on Compeyson. He wanted Compeyson to face his animosity and feel his suffering Magwitch was willing to give up his chance of freedom in doing so. He couldve got clear of these death-cold flats likewiseif I hadnt made husking that he was here. (34) In the beginning of the novel, Pip meets the escaped convictlater introduced as Magwitch, who had filed down his leg iron to the point where he couldve broken it off, and scarper from the marshesbut when he had heard Compeyson had escaped as well, he gave up his freedom, to search for Compeyson.The guards, along with Pip and Joe later found Compeyson and Magwitch in a patfighting each other. Magwitch gave up his chance to flee, and forsake his freedom in the name of revenge and was dragged back to the prison alongside Compeyson. Which begs the question, what is th e result of chasing revenge? Magwitch was then(prenominal) sentenced to imprisonment for the rest of his lifewhere upon if he ever escaped once again, hed face the death sentence. Magwitch is sent off to New South Wales, where he worked several jobsand made a handsome amount of money all of which he sent to Pip through Jaggers anonymously. It isnt until later in the novel does Magwitch sneaks back to England as an escaped convict, under an alias and he reveals to Pip that he is Pips benefactor. Pips disc all overy makes him very discontentment but later realizes the only way to get Magwitch out of his life is to help him escape England, on a boat.However again on his go to fredoom Magwitch is faced with the same dilemma, when their steam boat is intercepted by another boat and Compeyson is on it. Magwitch is forced to choose between freedom and revenge and he again chooses the latter, tackling Compeyson, they both sink into the wateronly Magwitch comes up. Asexpected, Magwitch i s sentenced to deathimmediately, only his sentence is delayed when he is stricken by illness. At this point, Magwitchs death is ascertained, either he was going to die of illness or he was going to die at his sentence. This was the result of Magwitchs actions by choosing revenge over all elsenot just once, but twice. These results help emphasis that revenge is nothing more than a inletway to misfortunes, and in Magwitchs case that gate way is to death. run Havisham faces a lifelong vendetta driven by her hatred of all mankind. This vendetta of her, twists her personality in cruel, sadistic and vicious ways. reveal of all the characters in this novel, Miss Havisham is less active in her campaign of revengebut she holds the longest and most pure revenge. Miss Havisham achieves her revenge through her adoptive daughter Estella. Estella is never given the opportunity to forge her own ideas and personalityinstead she is objectified into a young and beautiful tool, used exclusively for avenging Miss Havishams broken heart. There are many instances of Miss Havishams cruel and sardonic personality revealed through the words she says and her actions and responses to Pip. In the beginning of the novel, she has asked Estella to run into with Pip, but she refuses to play with such a common boyin hap Miss Havisham says Well, you can break his heart. (54) She says it in a way that makes the gentle heart seem almost like a toy that can be easily broken and would be irrelevant if it did so. This demonstrates Miss Havishams consider on men, and how they should have their hearts broken as she once didand how shes trained Estella to do.Miss Havisham gains much cheer from the discomfort and humiliation of men, she has no conundrum hurting anyone in order to extract her revengenot even Pip is spared, someone who had done nothing to often her, beside be born the upon gender. Miss Havisham lets Pip believe that she was his benefactor and that Estella was his, but when this was proven untrue and Pip confronts her she says YesI let you go on but who am I, for Gods saje, that I should be kind This shows Miss Havishams view on life she wonders why it is that she should be kind, when the world hasnt been kind to her. Why should she be nice, when the world hasnt been nice to her. Why she should love, when the world hasnt loved her. This idea of hers later becomes the very idea that eventually destroys her.Miss Havisham lives through Estella, she gains pleasure from seeing men swoon and pursuit Estellas attention. Sheenjoys decorating Estella in jewelalmost like she was a doll to be shown off, not at all like a daughter. However, her actions lead to many consequencesbecause of her lack of affection for Estella, Estella then grows up to be a beautiful creature rather than a human. Estella claims that she has no heart so she cannot show anyone love, not even Miss Havisham, who craved attention and love. This outrages Miss Havisham, how could her own daughter n ot love her? The answer was simple, I am what you have made me. Take all the praise, take all the blame take all the success, take all the failure, in short, take me. (277) Estella reveals the character of their relationship, for her entire life Miss Havisham has only learned to take, and never had she given, she lived a selfish lifeand was intent on acquiring revenge.She took the happiness absent from Pip, she took away Estellas humanity and replaced it with a cold, hard, and beautiful exterior, and mostly she took away her own life. Miss Havisham froze in time, the moment she decided to avenge herself, and she gave away her life, her emotions and feelings all in the name of revenge. Like the clocks in her house, everything was frozen in Miss Havishambecause she wanted nothing more than to see other suffer as she did. further in doing this, she forced herself to suffer even more. Miss Havisham eventually diesalone, and unloved.This shows the result of pursuing revenge as obsessiv ely as Miss Havisham did in return all she had left was a ruined estate, a monster for a daughter, relatives who were after her wealth, and a life time of sorrow. Throughout this novel, Dickens idea and opinion revolving around revenge becomes quite clear. It is evident that nothing good can come of revenge and misfortunes befall those who attempt to achieve it. Dickens makes an example out of his characters, to illustrate the aftereffect of being consumed by revengeand acting upon its temptation. Nothing good can come from trying to avenge oneself, no matter how small or large the act is the results will all be the same.

Etiology and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimers disease is a degenerative brain disturbance and is the main cause of dementia. The major(ip) clinical manifestations of Alzheimers disease embarrass gradual overtaking of memory and language. Other major symptoms and signs of this disease argon psychiatrical and behavioral abnormalities and disabilities in the r break throughine or daily living activities.The aetiology and Pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease include various factors. Biological Factors Even though the etiology and wayogenesis of Alzheimers disease is still non known fully, it is discovered to involve a complex mix of transmitted as well as environmental factors.Among genetic and environmental factors, genetic factor is proved to be playing a major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease. The most important cause of Alzheimers disease is put together to be the mutations in chromosomes 21, 14 and 1 which are spread or moved in a characteristic autosomal dominant mode. These mutat ions make protein overproduction in neuritic plaques, B amyloid. Even though the beginning of the familial form is often early, the nature and r extincte of the ail is found to be influenced by few environmental factors.But it is found out that familial form is responsible for only a negligible proportion of cases of Alzheimers disease (even less than five percent) (Cummings et al. , 1998b). Nearly fifty percent of the people who are having ancestors with Alzheimers disease are found to be getting this put out once they enter their 80s and 90s (Mohs et al. , 1987). Few genotypes (the model of genetic inheritance in a persons automobile trunk) are found to give risk for the late-onrush Alzheimers disease (which is very common).Taking an example, the ApoE-e4 allele on chromosome 19, that encourages the deposition of B amyloid, is proved to increase the risk for developing Alzheimers disease (Corder et al. , 1993). All other genes that are doubted to be responsible for the developme nt of Alzheimers disorder are being studied (Kang et al. , 1997). Apart from this particular reason, there are various other biologic risk factors that contribute to the development of Alzheimers disorder Cummings et al. , 1998b).Cognitive capabilities and aging are among the biological factors. The manner in which these traits contribute to the increased risk is not still proved, however, it is proved in the medical field that the numerous neurobiologic changes that are associated with the normal aging of the brain of a person also contribute to the major risk factors of Alzheimers disorder. As people get into the later part of their life, this age related neurobiologic changes make then more liable for Alzheimers disorder.These neurobiologic changes include neuron and synaptic loss, lessened dendritic intersect, reduced size and density of neurons present in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, and poor cortical acetylcholine take aims (Cummings et al. , 1998b). Based on these facto rs and the frequence and occurrence curve of this disorder, medical researchers founder come to the conclusion that people are very much liable to Alzheimers disorder if their life span is extended (beyond the normal age) beyond eighties and nineties (up to 100 and 150). People above 90 years are highly susceptible to Alzheimers disorder.Among this, those who have Alzheimers history in their family are 90 % prone to this disorder. Protective Factors Apart from the biological factors there are various other factors that influence the trespass of Alzheimers disease. Various protective factors that are powerful enough to delay the commencement of Alzheimers disorder have been discovered. For example, Genetic endowment with the ApoE-e2 allele is capable of reducing the risk of Alzheimers disorder (Duara et al. , 1996). The exact role and the original mechanism of action of ApoE-e2 allele, however, are not totally understood.Deep thinking, higher educational level and wisdom are als o proved to be associated with the delay in the commencement of Alzheimers disease (Stern et al. , 1994 Callahan et al. , 1996a). Few medication and drugs are also found to be good for delaying the blast of Alzheimers disorder. For example, medications, like nonsteroidal anti-instigative drugs (Andersen et al. , 1995 McGeer et al. , 1996) and estrogen replacement therapy (Paganini-Hill & Henderson, 1994), are found to be effectively delaying the commencement of Alzheimers disease.Apart from this, Vitamin E and the drug selegiline (otherwise known as deprenyl) are also proved to holdup the crucial stages of the course of Alzheimers disorder, for example the nursing home placement, near functional impairments or disorders as the disease progresses and lead to death (Sano et al. , 1997). According to Behl et al. , 1995, the course of action of the protective agents in a person is not completely known however, these agents are proved to check the toxic action of oxidative stress (thr ough antioxidants like vitamin E or estrogen).These agents also counter the work of seditious mediators related to plaque formation (through anti-inflammatories) (Mark et al. , 1995). Hi barathology The pathophysiology of Alzheimers disorder is also proved to be associated with the histopathologic variations in Alzheimers disease. These histopathologic changes include neuritic plaques, synaptic loss, neurofibrillary tangles, hippocampal granulovacuolar degeneration, and B amyloid angiopathy (Cummings et al. , 1998b).Majority of the genetic and epigenetic risk factors are some or the other way linked with B amyloid. This has helped the medical researchers to conclude that the formation of B amyloid peptide is the most crucial pathological event or step in the course of spread of Alzheimers disorder in a person (Cummings et al. , 1998b Hardy & Higgins, 1992). A successful intervention in the course of Alzheimers disease spreading may include get in the way of any of the numerous st eps include in the slow progress of Alzheimers disease pathogenetic cascade.Few of the intervention modes include step in to reduce B amyloid generation from the amyloid precursor protein, intervening to decrease the B amyloid aggregation as well as the generation of beta-pleated sheets, and intervening in the amyloid-related neurotoxicity play. Successful interference in these steps may help interrupt Alzheimers spread. Apart from this, few therapies can successfully block the neuronal cellular phone death and can slow down the inflammatory response occurring in neurotic plaques.Therapies are also proved to inhibit the work of certain growth factors and hormones and also delay the replenishment of deficient neurotransmitters. As the complete obstruction of the processes within the B amyloid cascade may affect the usual cerebral metabolic processes, successful interruptions may bring close partial interruptions (Cummings & Jeste, 1999). Studies about the molecular neuroscience o f Alzheimers disease have researched several crucial aspects of pathophysiology and etiology.Researchers are working to thoroughly understand the entire processes and reasons behind cell death, neuronal degeneration and subsequent memory degradation. Medical world is expecting new revelations from these studies and are on the way to lay a new therapeutic path for eliminating Alzheimers disease from the world (National Institute on Aging, 1996). Medical world is expecting researchers to come out with the real physiological factor that makes a human ashes prone to Alzheimers syndrome. Role of AcetylcholineAcetylcholine is also suspected to play a part in encouraging Alzheimers disorder in a person. way out or decrease of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine also is proved to be responsible for the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease. Postmortem researches in Alzheimers disease infected people have explained the loss or reduction of basal forebrain and cortical cholinergic neurons and t he exhaustion of choline acetyltransferase, which is the enzyme that carry out acetylcholine synthesis (Mesulam, 1996). Several post mortem reports have come out with the same reason.The scale of this central cholinergic deficit is associated with the severity of dementia that results in the cholinergic hypotheses of cognitive deficits in Alzheimers disorder (Mesulam, 1996). This hypothesis and the clinical researches have proved that Acetylcholine play a major role in Alzheimers disease. However, acetylcholine is not the only neurotransmitter that encourages the growth of Alzheimers disorder in a patient. Researchers are still working to find out the role of other substances in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimers disorder.The researches related to the pharmacological treatment of this syndrome are coming out with new results. It has been proved that a delay or break in the spread of Alzheimers disease is proved to reduce its prevalence in the body of a patient even by half (Breitner , 1991). In order to inhibit the spread of this syndrome in a person it is necessary to delay the onset of the disease to such an extent where mortality from other resources surpasses the frequency of the steps of the disease.So the most crucial step in inhibiting Alzheimers disease is the identification of the factors that stop the onset or slow down the progress of the disease in the patient. Working on these agents would help reduce the spread of the disease. References Aarts, P. , & Op den Velde W. (1996). Prior traumatization and the process of aging. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisath (Eds. ), Traumatic stress The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society (pp. 359377). New York Guilford Press. Abrams, R. C. , Rosendahl, E. , Card, C. , & Alexopoulos, G. S. (1994).Personality disorder correlates of late and early onset depression. Journal of the American geriatrics Society, 42, 727731. Adams, W. L. , Garry, P. J. , Rhyne, R. , Hunt, W. C. , & Goodwin, J. S. (1990). Alcohol intake in the healthy elderly. Changes with age in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 38, 211216. Aevarsson, O. , & Skoog, I. (1996). A population-based study on the incidence of dementia disorders between 85 and 88 years of age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 14551460. Aiken, L. (1990). Chronic mental illness. In B. S. Fogel, A. Furino, & G.Gottlieb (Eds. ), Mental health policy for older Americans Protecting minds at risk. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press. Albert, M. S. , Jones, K. , Savage, C. R. , Berkman, L. , Seeman, T. , Blazer, D. , & Rowe, J. W. (1995). Predictors of cognitive change in older persons MacArthur studies of successful aging. psychology and Aging, 10, 578589. Alexopoulos, G. S. (1997, November 6). Epidemiology, nosology and treatment of geriatric depression. Paper presented at Exploring Opportunities to Advance Mental Health Care for an Aging Populati on, meeting sponsored by the John A. Hartford Foundation, Rockville, MD.

Ebay Case Meg Whitman Essay

In 1995, Pierre Omidyar founded eBay, an on- hound fraternity whose purpose was to facilitate an environment where people could non only trade goods, but also hold back discussions, make connections, and form relationships. He carefully crafted a glossiness based upon, trust, respect, autonomy, empowerment, and equality, and sought for the eBay companionship and phoner to be pensive of those principles. eBay was successful because Omidyar realized that a respectful, symbiotic relationship with this on-line residential district was critical, because eBay wouldnt exist if it werent for the community. In 1998, Meg Whitman was brought in as chief operating officer to strengthen the eBay brand and to develop a stronger marketing strategy. In this, she was remarkably successful. In little over a year, eBay registrants grew from 88,000 to 3. 8 million users. The conjunction successfully went public, r veritable(a)ue just ab step forward doubled every quarter, and encyclopaedisms and partnerships were do to increase the customer base. However, the rapid growth under Whitman ca employ a major problem for eBay it enthrone a strain on the culture and the community upon which eBay was successfully founded. With growth came the need for more rules and policies.For instance, Whitman made the decision to ban the sale of firearms to keep the smart set free of legal liabilities. M any in the community and society were shocked and outraged by this insurance policy because it violated the eBay values of open communication and trust. Also, the acquisition of barelyterfield and Butterfield, a prestigious, high-end auction house, was taken as a slap in the face. It violated the eBay value of respect, and the community saw this purchase indicative of the companys priorities organism focused on higher profit margins, not building and maintaining relationships with its existing community.There are clear reasons why the eBay community felt its culture was being left be hind in the wake of rapid growth. First, the strategic design of eBay dramatically changed under Whitmans management. eBay was previously built upon a small, politic and flexible team of engineers who worked to draw and quarterher without many formal chains of authority. This open work environment perfectly mirrored the community Omidyar sought to create online, and the intragroup company practiced its values of respect and trust on a daily basis.However, Whitman correctly recognized that as the company grew, more formal structures and positions would have to be put into place to bear the burden of greater demand. With expert consultation, she reorganized the engineers. She eventually added eleven different vice presidents in speed management. In little time, the company transformed from an informal, flat model to a formal functional structure. This enabled growth, but it also created tall hierarchies that diminished the culture of open communication.For instance, lower-level emp loyees and the eBay community both back-lashed at the decision of banning firearms for largely the same reason they had no idea such a policy was forthcoming. Upper management made this decision without outside consultation. Even though it was the right decision for the company, it was handled and presented in a way that violated the culture eBay was built upon. In 1999, Whitman formally created a Community Watch group to monitor the website for fraud. Initially, eBay counted on its users to abide by its user agreement and take some(prenominal) of the responsibility for safeguarding the site themselves. But, the community had large too large to be self-monitored. Again, the decision was appropriate, but so many structural changes implemented in so little time was too much for the community to absorb without reaction. Moreover, the political nature of eBay changed rapidly. Pierre Omidyar, eBays founder and developer, had the rare gift of leading with both referent and expert power. He used this power to create a strong sense of community throughout eBay. He also used his referent power to give Whitman legitimacy in both her position as CEO and in her consequential actions.His support was effective at getting the company to align behind her decisions, but the orthogonal community did not see this support and were more suspicious of the companys new direction. Whitmans decisions were all sound and applauded by Wall Street. But the community saw what was once a democratic forum turning into a big business. Her lack of consultation with the community lead one user to brand eBay as having a cavalier attitude, and a political agenda. Lower level employees also saw this lack of communication. Where there were once full company meetings weekly, now they were held, at most, once a quarter.Power was concentrating. Clearly, this power shift was positively causing growth but negatively affecting culture. In her defense, Whitman was not indifferent to the culture at eBa y. She stressed hiring people who understood and wanted to expand the eBay culture. But at the same time she outsourced customer service to a location in Utah, far from where the gatekeepers of the eBay culture were to be found. Therefore, those directly working with the community may have been the least in tune with its values. Also, she applauded and maintained the no penalty culture where everyone could voice their opinions and feel free to change their minds.However, with the growth of the company, there were fewer opportunities for a voice to be heard, less direct contacts with upper management, and fewer voices involved in major decisions. This led to decisions being made that were sound individually but not corporately when placed in the eBay culture. It also turn out difficult to spread this culture to the plethora of newly added users. And it is critical because it built the community, which built the company, and if it is removed, those elements that made eBay a unique su ccess provide be gone. Therefore, eBay take to find a way to maintain its culture.One way to correct this problem would be to implement more cross-functional teams internally. These teams would recreate the initial eBay structure of being team-based, autonomous, and flat. They would allow different departments to address problems and offer valuable input into pending company policies. This lateral flow would lead to decisions that would keep more in line with the original eBay culture, thus satisfying the community at large. The downside to these teams is that it gives Whitman and others less authority to use in making decisions for the company.Another alternative would be to create a formal system of distributing breeding and gathering feedback from the eBay community. This would create an opportunity to communicate values as well as pending or upcoming policy changes. This system of polling through email would empower the community to have a cogent voice once again and would re establish the feeling of one-to-one communication. The downside is that if the company decided to go in a direction different than that of the community, those polled and involved could lose faith and optimism in exercising their voice.Finally, Whitman could create a separate company under the eBay name where she could make mergers and acquisitions without alienating the base users and without directly affecting the company. This would help maintain the existing eBay culture, but it would do nothing to repair any damage done. Moreover, having a different arm will not expand their user community of eBay, which is eBays vision. Whitman should create a formal system of distributing information and gathering feedback from the eBay community. This mechanism would be two-fold in design. First, eBay would create a oalition of the top sellers, those truly engrossed in the eBay community and whose interests are aligned with both company and community. Upper management would formally integrat e the opinions and responses of this group (on issues ranging from policy to community values) into its decision-making processes. Also, the use of widely sampled polls of eBay users on the same issues would help the company get a feel for how the broader community at large feels about important issues. This would be positive for the community because it would give them a legitimate voice in the company again, just as it had at eBays inception.It is important to remember that eBay is unique in that the community it serves is the company itself. Soliciting, responding to, and implementing the voice of this community improve eBay even with its now more functional structure, it will only help the company know the needs and opinions of its community, which will strengthen business. The downside to this move is that after hearing out the top sellers and looking at the data of a poll on a particular issue, Whitman and upper management may still feel that an unpopular direction needs to be taken.Some users may feel patronized and refuse to participate in future polls. Even so, many in the community will be appreciative to at least be involved in the process and to be forewarned of pending changes. Once again there will be a dialogue with the community that will attribute value, trust, and respect to its opinions, even in disagreement. In this manner, eBay can grow and still stay small.

Good Mothers Bad Gang

Anita Anderson Dr. Mike Calvert Teenage Wasteland 18, July 2011 Good Mom/ unfavourable large number Kids on the street, parents that dont care, miening for a sense of family or belonging do you see a child at adventure? While in some cases this may be true, in many instances this is non the case. In her article Mothers, Sons, and The Gangs Susan Horton tells of three different gang members and their families. Although the families had different backgrounds, beliefs, and techniques they wholly shared in common sons who were gang members.They are mothers who care unless have to face alone the battle of raising their sons in a connection lost to gangs. In Hortons article we are introduced to three different families whose sons are involved with gangs. Teresa Rodriguez who still feels foreign and timid ab egress the culture of America. Maggie Garcia who was raised in the same neighborhood as her son and believes that loyalty to the neighborhood is just and understandable. Gayle T homas Kary, because of financial struggles was thrown into the gang community and fought her best to save her son.These adolescent men were all minors living in a society pressured by gang affiliation. Although their kins had loving mothers their gangs had friends, boldness, look atance, and a way of aliveness. There may be several deep-seated, underling motives for joining gangs Those who join gangs are struggling with the classic, desperate needs of adolescence for the end of childhood for acceptance as an adult for sexual, social and economic identity for status and success for respect and a sense of belonging. Sheldon, Tracy, Brown 77) Not all of these aspects are apparent in gang members moreover at least one is. In Teresa Rodriguezs case her son at thirteen unbeknown to her belonged to the gang Sur 13. Because of his boldness he was shot and the family home has been victim to drive-bys ever since. The bul permit missed his heart and fortunately he survived. Still he did not learn his lesson and claimed that he did not care if he died. Finally his mother threatened to send him to live in Mexico if he continued to go out. He did not want that, so he stayed inside. just that has not stopped him from dressing or acting like a member of the Sur 13. After the incident of the shooting Rodriguez also found out that all three of her honest-to-god sons were part of gangs. Her 16-year-old threw away his cholo clothes right when he heard about his brother. He had not been with the gang since then. The two older boys are very repentant, but it is the initiate had always left rearing the children to the mother he did not have a strong, active, male role model. So, perchance he felt as if he had no other alternatives.Maggie Garcia also has a son who is a gang member but her view and get to her sons affiliation is very different. She was raised in the same neighborhood as she raised her son in she understands how much the neighborhood could mean. During check her son got into a fight with a rival gang member because each claimed a different neighborhood. Her son was expelled and she felt the principal at his trail was upset because my son had stated that he would die for his neighborhood, but if he had said that if he would have died for his country, the principal probably would have given him an award.This mammary gland unders withald that the danger in the inter-neighborhood conflicts that her son gets into because other family members have been lost to such conflicts. Sadly this is not enough for her to forbid her son from being with his friends. She feels that by doings so would be like her son telling her not to be with her friends. Garcia follows similar problems as the Rodriguez family she mentions her history and connection to the neighborhood. In this story the father is also bump off and the mother supports her son and find it difficult to believe that her son is wrong.She does not have a bad relationship with her son but h e receives no discipline or clear-cut parameters from her. She seems to feel that he is loyal to his friends and at times perhaps takes his loyalty a little too far. Garcia seems to adopt the boys will be boys attitude and does not want to believe that her son may be committing crimes or may be with the wrong herd or may be in a gang. When he was arrested she insisted that he was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. She could not accept that maybe he is doing wrong and that he should have known better than to be in such situations.She tells him to stay out of the fire but her run-in are not strong enough to keep him out. Although she is not a bad mother, she is not giving her son reason to stay out of gangs. Because she could no longer afford to live in a community where her son had more opportunities and alternatives her son joined the only when other thing, the gangs. The story of Gayle Thomas Kary may be the saddest one because the she tried everything and when she final ly thought she succeeded her son, Jamee, died as a result of gang violence. Kary did more than the others, discipline, rules and action.When she caught her son cutting up soap to look like cocaine she sent him to his father, perhaps a change of venue would make the discrimination, but three weeks later, his dad sent him back because he couldnt control him. She tried reasoning with him telling him fast life goes fast. (Horton) When he was arrested for possession of cocaine Kary was highly relieved but to her disappointment he was let out on probation. Kary refused to accept him and he was sentenced to juvenile hall and a youth camp. When he was released he had a probation officer Kary could turn to.Jamee was tired of life on the streets and his probation officer convinced him to turn himself into a youth facility away from Los Angeles. Finally things were turning around and he really seemed to have changed. He was like the child she use to know Unfortunately when she let him go out with his friends to get something to eat he was shot and died. She did everything she could but still she could not save her sons life. Unlike the other two mothers Kary was really able to turn her son Jamee around. She finally made him understand and she can say that his death was an accident.He was not just a number or a statistic of children lost to gang violence. Although, these mothers were, loving they could not help that a major factor was absent from their sons lives, their fathers. The fathers may have been there but none seemed to take an active role in their childrens lives. Parents can make a difference in their childrens lives but many times they cannot do it alone. Gangs are not only the problem of the parents it is a problem of society. To prevent gangs, society, police, and parents have to work unneurotic to keep gangs out of neighborhoods and also to address the existing gang problem. Ojile) It may be easier to blame the parents but the truth is the parents are no t only the ones to blame. We have to realize that in a society where gangs are the neighborhood it could be our son, our daughter, our nephew, etc. that is lost in the gangs. Works Cited Horton, Susan. Mothers, Sons and the Gangs. Los Angeles Times 16 Oct. 1988. Print. Ojile, Todd. Gang Activity in Wichita. Teenage Wasteland. Baker University, Wichita Campus, Wichita, Kansas. 25 July 2011. Lecture. Shelden, Randall G. , Sharon K. Tracy, and William B. Brown. Youth Gangs in American Society. Belmont, CA Thomson/Wadsworth, 2004. Print.

90s Fashion Trends: ‘Less Is More’

As we reflect on fashion history, in that respect is not ever so a distinctive shift from one decade to the next. When transitioning from the 80s to the 90s, this was not the case, as there was an evident transition from conspicuous consumer to less is more. When hearing this phrase and applying it to fashion, I think it can be viewed in two ways. The more literal interpretation can be restated as it is preferred to have either a more minimalistic and simple outfit, or that it is en vogue to wear skimpier habilitate.Both of these descriptions can be seen in 90s fashion. minimal art was a widely accepted trend of the 90s, as shoulder pads and off-the-shoulder sweaters became outdated and were replaced with cleaner lines and sleeker silhouettes. The profligate glamour of the 80s faded away, and jewelry became either non-existent or chic in its fineness and barely there quality. The only attribution to 1980s excess glamour was the bedazzling and embellishments to clothing or irid escent glitter glimmer on sheer and tulle fabrics and added to skin make up and hair spray.Designers such as Helmut Lang popularized this minimalistic trend by incorporating Japanese avant-garde aesthetics. Langs designs conveyed his view on how modern men and women want to dress. His clothes were without affectedness and embodied an understanding that perfect cut, comfort, and ease of movement constitutes great fashion luxuries. Common examples of his key pieces trim back mannish-shaped trousers for women, and sharply cut suiting that has a more androgynous shape. The minimalistic trend of the 90s was evident from head to toenail and was even embraced by celebrities of the decade.Pop stars that had once worn frilly miniskirts adorned with suspenders, full faces of makeup and plentiful accessories were immediately embracing new, more simplistic styles. Calvin Kleins infamous Clueless mini dress, worn by Alicia Silverstone in the legendary film is a perfect example of the slinky, body-con trend that became ubiquitous in the 90s. Hairstyles also reflected a less is more vibe, and women styled their hair in a sleek manner like Jennifer Aniston, or succinct and funkier no-fuss style as channeled by Meg Ryan.I also think that less is more can be applied to 90s fashion with respect to an attitude Americans felt at the time. During this 90s, people wanted easy clothing that was matched to their everyday lives and reflected an increasingly aggressive urban society. Business rules for dressing relaxed, and many people lost please in fashion as necessary. This was a major change from 80s fashion where it what commonplace for yuppies to broadcast their wealth in expensive clothing. 1990s Fashion History The Mood of the Millennium. Fashion Era. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Apr 2011. . Sharma, Tanya. 1990s Womens Fashion . love to know. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Apr 2011. . clueless mini dress. google. com. Web. 25 Apr 2011. . The 90s Minimalist . MSN Lifestyle. Web. 25 Ap r 2011. .

Concentration of HCL affecting surface area to vol ratio Essay

The research motility that this report is passing game to discuss is What is the relationship between tightfistedness of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the dictate of dispersion? My hypothesis for this research question is that change in crop of dispersion give be observed when the nutrient agar blocks atomic number 18 lay in ascendents of different submergences of HCl. As the intentness of HCl increases, the rate of diffusion allow for also increase collect to the sheer submerging gradient created.To investigate the change in rate of diffusion when different preoccupations of HCl are used, I used agar blocks that are stained with universal proposition indicator that would change from green to ping when exposed to HCl. To prepare the agar blocks, I used knife and ruler to acquire 5 agar blocks with equal proportionalitys of 3. 0cm by 1. 0cm by 0. 5cm. Then I prepared 5 different concentrations of HCl with equal raft of 5cm3 in try on tubes, which were 0. 0M. 0. 2 M, 0. 4M, 0. 6M, 0. 8M and finally 1. 0M of HCl.Then, I placed the agar blocks into respective test tubes, criterion the prison term interpreted for the agar blocks to turn from green to completely pink. This was repeated 2 more than times, having 3 set of readings in total. The results collected showed an increasing trend in the rate of diffusion as the concentration of HCl increased. This clearly supported the hypothesis I derived at. (227 words) ? Content Page Abstract2 Content Page3 Introduction4 Research question4 Hypothesis4 Introduction (2)5 lit Review5 Methodology6 Results8 Results (2)9 Discussion10Limitations11 Improvements11 Conclusion12 Bibliography13 ? Introduction Research question How does change in concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) locomote the rate of diffusion through the agar blocks which contain starch stained with universal indicator, musical composition keeping surrounding temperature, the surface area to strength ratio of agar blocks used and the volume of solution to which the agar blocks were placed constant? Hypothesis motley in rate of diffusion will be observed when agar blocks are placed in solutions of different concentrations of HCl.As the concentration of HCl increases, the rate of diffusion will also increase receivable to the steeper concentration gradient created ? Introduction (2) Literature Review Diffusion is known as the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration along the concentration gradient. There are few factors that affect the rate of diffusion, the time taken for both regions to have equal nitty-gritty of particles. One of them is temperature.It is known that temperature has the greatest effect on diffusion rates and is the easiest of the factors to change. Increasing the temperature increases the diffusion rate by adding energy to from each one particle. This is because particles with more energy can move to the region of lower concentration with more speed and more easily. Similarly, lowering the temperature will lower the diffusion rate by lowering the energy of each particle. another(prenominal) important factor that changes the rate of diffusion is the concentration gradient, which we will be exploring in this experiment.The rate of diffusion depends on the difference between concentrations across the region of lower concentration and higher concentration, with steeper concentration differences resulting in higher diffusion rates (Simon 2013). This can be explained by Ficks Law, which can be summarised by this equation Rate of diffusion is proportional to(surface area x difference in concentration )/(Length of diffusion path). From the equation derived from Ficks Law, it is clearly seen that the difference in concentration (concentration gradient) will increase the rate of diffusion (Michael Kent 2000).This theory can be used to explain real life situations, like how humankind lungs take in oxygen and give out carb on dioxide in a split second. It is collectable to the great difference in concentrations of both gases (very steep concentration gradient) that allows relatively fast rate of diffusion. For instance, when eupnoeic in, the concentration of oxygen in alveoli is very high compared to that in the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli. Thus, rate of diffusion is great, allowing oxygen to diffuse as fast as possible. (BBC 2013) Methodology Table 1.1-Table of variables and how it is controlled VariablesDetails of variablesHow it is controlled Independent VariableConcentration of HClConcentration of HCl is controlled by the amount of distilled water added to HCl. For example, in order to achieve a concentration of 0. 2 moldm(-3), 1. 0 cm3 of 1 mol of HCl is added, with 4 cm3 of distilled water added. Dependent VariableRate of Diffusion The time is taken by a stopwatch until the agar block turns pink in colouring completely. Controlled VariableTemperature of the surrounding come forward area to volume ratio of the agar blocksVolume of solution to place the agar blocks into. Temperature is set at an air-conditioned room in a Biology lab The agar blocks are path into analogous length, uniform breadth and same height (3. 0 cm by 1. 0 cm by 0. 5cm), thus having the same volume and surface area. This ensures the ratio is the same. The volume of solutions used is kept the same at 5. 0cm3. Table 1. 2-Apparatus used in the experiment Apparatus QuantityUncertainty 2% Starch Agar (Universal Indicator stained) 1. 0 M Hydrochloric Acid (aq) Deionized Water Stop Watch20. 01sThis aptitude be due to the inaccurate cutting of the dimension of the agar blocks. It could also be due to our inability to decide whether the agar blocks have off-key completely green to pink in colour. Thus, the compute rate of diffusion could have changed. Limitations Some of the results were not as accurate as it was difficult to see whether the agar blocks have turned entirely pink in colour. So me of the agar blocks still had strips of green in them when we removed it from the solution and cut it. This could have bear upon the time taken for the agar blocks to turn entirely pink and thus, affecting the rate of diffusion.The temperature of the solutions containing the agar blocks might not be constant throughout the whole experiment. This can be due to holding of test tubes with our hands and also putting it down again several times. The heat from the hand might propose transferred and the temperature might be altered. This can affect the time taken for the agar blocks to turn completely pink, as higher temperature induce faster rate of diffusion. Some of the results are not very accurate as the surface area to volume ratio was not constant for all the agar blocks tested.One of the reasons is due to the limited amount of agar blocks that were allocated for each bench. Another reason is that it was difficult to use the knife provided to cut the agar blocks in a straight ma nner and as accurately. This limitation can affect the time taken for agar blocks to turn pink, followed by the rate of diffusion, as some blocks are bigger while some are smaller than the others. Improvements In order to make sure that the agar blocks have turned entirely pink, use a light and put it in a white background where the colour changed is more visible.Then, the calculated rate of diffusion will not be affected. Place the test tubes in a water bath where the temperature can be kept constant at the temperature of tap water. This way, the calculated rate of diffusion will not be affected. Lastly, use a stamp with all the lovable dimension of the agar blocks measured. This way, not only is it convenient, it also helps us acquire the accurate dimensions of the agar blocks, having the same surface area to volume ratio for all the agar blocks. Then, the calculated rate of diffusion will not be affected. ConclusionIn conclusion, the readings and the derived results in the form of tables, and line graph support my hypothesis, which is Change in rate of diffusion will be observed when agar blocks are placed in solutions of different concentrations of HCl. As the concentration of HCl increases, the rate of diffusion will also increase due to the steeper concentration gradient created. With the derived conclusion, it shows that in order for rate of diffusion to be greater, higher concentration of the solution must be used, so that the concentration gradient is steeper.